A Comparative Analysis on the Socio-Cultural Theories of Marx Essay Example for Free

A Comparative Analysis on the Socio-Cultural Theories of Marx EssayOver the years, the names Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max weber, and Friedrich Nietzsche have been very possessive in the field of sociology, psychology, economics, and politics. In discussing the concepts of communism and materialism, the theories of Karl Marx can non be disregarded. For Marx, the major influential factor in human history is economics (Cline 2008). According to Marx, even in the past, slew were not moved by ostentatious ideas but rather by material things that helped them live and survive.Marxs studies and theories also deal with explaining the etymons of the encounter of classesthe monied and labour classes. The conflict between the wealthy and labour classes became inevitable because of the rise of capitalism. Due to capitalism, there has been a separation between these two classes. The wealthy continue to own properties and acquire labourers as modern slaves to work for them in their busin esses, while the labourers continue to struggle for what little they have, and they have to work day and darkness just to survive.It is also because of capitalism that the scarcity of resources has increase, and this made the conflict between the classes even worse. For Marx, everything is built upon the foundations of economics. All the prominent social and economic institutions as salutary as other organizations can only be understood well if they will be associated with economics. Moreover, Marx expressed that oftentimes, people tend to think that their ideas actually root from truth, beauty, love and other grand concepts, but in actuality, those ideas argon from class interest and class conflict (Cline 2008).On the other hand, as comp ard to Marx, Emile Durkheim was better cognise for his studies of the communication process in relation to sociological analyses. The main idea of Durkheims theory notes that the civilization of human beings is a result of communication (Book Ra gs 2008). Their psychological temperament becomes cultural forces, and the material and economic life becomes the community and the society. Aside from this, Durkheim also became a prominent figure in the field of sociology.He explained the nature of the society with an evolutionary approach, regarding society as an organism that has a specific structure and function (University of Regina 2002). According to Durkheim, although a society is composed of individuals, he pinpointed that a society is not simply a sum of individuals rather, it has an identity and existence of its own that is different from the individuals that are part of it. He further added that it is the society that is influencing the individuals by means of norms, social facts, sentiments, and social currents, rather than the individuals influencing the society as a whole.Durkheims sociological ideas also posed a concern towards social order. He essay to find out how a modern society remains intact given peoples differences, individualism, and autonomy of individuals (University of Regina 2002). Eventually, Durkheim was able to find the answer and explained it in his book, The Division of Labour in Society. In the book, Durkheim defined and explained the concepts of social solidarity, common thought, and systems of law which he also connected to the idea of forced stratum of labour.However, he claimed that such forces in the society will not al guidances be effective in creating solidarity. Thus, there will be disruptions in solidarity and consciousness because of the social changes. This chain of ideas introduces the concept of anomie or suicide, which Durkheim considered as a naturally occurring phenomenon in every society. Durkheim also expressed his ideas about social action. In explaining this concept, he took the structuralist approach. He considered the social structures to exert a strong influence on social action (University of Regina 2002).He believed that the collective thought s, beliefs, practices, and consciousness of individuals can indeed make a difference in a cumulus of ways. Max Weber shared the same position as Marx in terms of craziness in relation to formers positions about the inevitable rationalisation and bureaucratisation of the world (The Hewett School n. d. ). Both of them agreed that it was the modern methods of organisation which drastically increased the effectiveness and efficiency of production. Both of them also concurred that these modern methods paved the way for the exceptional domination of man over nature.They also shared the same panorama of the modern world with such rationalized efficiencythat it threatens to transform into a monstrous being and dehumanize its creators (The Hewett School n. d. ). However, Weber opposed Marxs claim that derangement is only a transitional stage towards mans true liberation. Ha also denied that inevitable characteristic of socialism. Previously, Marx noted that capitalism caused the loweri ng of the proletarian class in the mode of production. However, Weber argued that this situation cannot be avoided in a rationally coordinated system.Weber further added that men cannot participate in socially significant actions anymore unless they join a larger organization. It is through these organizations that men get to sacrifice their own conclusions and desires for the sole aim and objective of the organization. Thus, people get to take off a part of them and therefore get to be alienated. Lastly, Friedrich Nietzsche was known in his arguments about the core and foundations of morality. Unlike Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, Nietzsches theories are more inclined to morality, and he was more into arguing for concepts that relate to religion.However, his theories posted a huge significance in the fields of sociology, economics, and politics as well. His moral philosophy is primarily critical in orientation. With his philosophy, he attacked morality both for its commitment to weak descriptive claims about human action and also for the indecorous impact of its distinctive norms and values on the budding higher types of human beingsor what he calls the higher men (uberman) (Zalta 2007). This idea of higher men explains that, above all other motivations, human behaviour is motivated by the will to power.He also became known in his arguments regarding the foundations of traditional Christianity. For Nietzsche, the creativity and realities of the world are more important than any consideration of any worlds beyond (UK Apologetics 2007). Aside from this, he also had several beliefs which proved his interest to challenge the tradition and beliefs of Christianity. Nietzsche believed that the goal of a humans life must be to find his/her true self and not to help others. He also believed that sexuality does not really oppose virtues rather, it is a virtue in its own right.Furthermore, he also argued that the highest virtue an individual can have is to be true to hi m- or herself. Thus, Nietzsches ideas can be notice to have a sense of selfishness. However, it can be explained that he has this kind of belief since his exposure and genre are that which believe in the power of the human will alone and not of any greater being. Upon analyzing the theories and theorists mentioned above, I observed that all their ideas contribute a lot to the developments of the society nowadays. The first three theorists dwell more on the economic side.They explained the effects of capitalism, social classes, and the harmony of relationships within a society. On the other hand, Nietzsche observed the moral part which the first three theorists beed to have overlooked. Looking at our modern society now, everything seems affected by multimedia. If only Marx, Durkheim, Weber, and Nietzsche still exist today, they force probably look at multimedia as one of the most powerful forces that has the ability to shape a society. However, relating their theories to the moder n concepts of multimedia today, Durkheims concepts seem to have the greatest relevance to it.This is because Durkheim regarded communication as a shaping factor of civilization. By this, he meant that communication (which includes multimedia nowadays) is one of the forces that pave the way for human organization (Book Rags 2008). Communication or multimedia in the modern perspective can also be interpretedusing Durkheims viewas the mould which makes or shapes a society. Thus, a society without the practice of communication cannot be considered a civilized society (Book Rags 2008).Putting this into modern context, a society without the practice of multi-mediawhich can be considered as one of the most powerful means of communication at presentis a society which has not yet reached development. List of References Cline, A. (2008). Religion as Opium of the People. About. com online. Available from http//atheism. about. com/od/philosophyofreligion/a/marx. htm? p=1 29 October 2008 Book Ra gs (2008). Durkheim, Emile (1858-1917) online. Available from http//www. bookrags. com/research/durkheim-mile-1858-1917-eci-01/bro_copy 29 October 2008 The Hewett School (n. d. ).Weber and Marx online. Available from http//www. hewett. norfolk. sch. uk/CURRIC/soc/WEBER/wm. htm 29 October 2008 University of Regina (2002). Conservative Approaches online. Available from http//uregina. ca/gingrich/s16f02. htm 29 October 2008 Zalta, E. Ed. (2007). Nietzsches Moral and Political Philosophy. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy online. Available from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/nietzsche-moral-political/ 29 October 2008 UK Apologetics (2007). Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) online. Available from http//www. ukapologetics. net/truthaboutnietzsche. hypertext markup language 29 October 2008