Impact of the Manhattan Project

Impact of the Manhattan Project How the Manhattan Project changed the world Nuclear weapons. Some love them, others despise them. Some say there use was necessary to win World War 2, others think that their use was the product of overzealous nations looking for war. There are multitudes of arguments that surround this deadly weapon. The start to the first developed and working nuclear weapon are all tied to the Manhattan project. What forces were behind the decisions to drop the bomb? What were the the immediate effects of the bomb? What were the effects years later on the world? The Manhattan project was the code name for a secret experiment That was conducted in America During the time period of World War 2. A group of refugee scientists which included Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, and Albert Einstein, Realized nuclear reactions were possible, and could be weaponized. Albert Einstein wrote a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the President at that time. †Some recent work by E. Fermi and L. Szilard, which had been communicated to me in manuscript, leads me to expect that the element uranium may be turned into a new and important source of energy in the immediate future. Certain aspects of the situation which has arisen seem to call for watchfulness and, if necessary, quick action on the part of the Administration. I believe therefore that it is my duty to bring to your attention the following facts and recommendations: In the course of the last four months it has been made probable through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America that it it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium, by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of now radium-like elements would be generated. Now it appears almost certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future. This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable though much less certain that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, might very well prove to be too heavy for transportation by air. The United States has only very poor ores of uranium in moderate quantities. There is some good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia, while the most important source of uranium is the Belgian Congo. In view of this situation you may think it desirable to have some permanent contract maintained between the Administration and the group of physicists working on chain reactions in America. One possible way of achieving this might be for you to entreat with this task a person who has your confidence and who could perhaps serve in an unofficial capacity. His task might comprise of the following: a). To approach Government Departments, keep them informed of the further development, and put forward recommendations of Government action, giving particular attention to the problem of securing a supply of uranium ore for the United States. b). To speed up the experimental work, which is at present being carried on within the limits of the budgets of University laboratories, by providing funds. If such funds be required, through his contacts with a private person who are willing to make contributions for this cause, and perhaps also by obtaining the cooperation of an industrial laboratory which has the necessary equipment. I understand that germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from Czechoslovakia mines which she has taken over. That she should have taken such early action might perhaps be understood of the ground that the son of the GErman Under secretary of state, Von Weizsacker, is attached to the Kaiser-WIlhelm-Institut in Berlin where some where some of Americas war on uranium is being repeated.† Einstein This letter is one that Einstein wrote to FDR, had a hand in creating the Manhattan project. In this letter Einstein clearly outlines that an atomic bomb is theoretically possible, and that the United States should begin research into this new deadly power, and that Germany may be researching it as well. At that time very little was known about the theoretical bomb other than it would be highly destructive. In 1940, FDR made $6,000 available to start research of this new technology. By 1945, at the end of the project, the cost had grown to around $2 billion. Within those years, 2 years were used to invent a method to make fissionable uranium or plutonium. By summer of 1945, enough fissionable plutonium had been created to make a bomb. The first ever atomic bomb was dropped at 5:30 am on July 16, 1945, at a test field in Alamogordo air base, 120 miles from Albuquerque, New Mexico. The bomb produced a blast power of between 15,000 and 20,000 tons of TNT, and fused the surface of the gr ound up to 800 yards away to glass. J Robert Oppenheimer said this about the new deadly weapon. â€Å"The atomic bomb made the prospect of future war unendurable. It has led us up those last few steps to the mountain pass; and beyond there is a different country.† (Brainy Quotes 1) A month afterwards, two more bombs that were produced by this project, which were later dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Editors of (Encyclopedia Britannica) Between the time of the bomb just being a concept that some scientists discovered up to the time of the end of World War two there were two Presidents in office. The first was FDR, and the second was Harry Truman. FDR authorized, and started what became the Manhattan project after he received a letter from Einstein telling him of an amazing but scary new technology, but The decision of whether or not the bomb should be used to try and end the war was most likely the hardest thing President Harry Truman ever had to do. The Americans were tired after 4 years of fighting, and the Japanese had a standing army of 2 million strong on there last islands. Before the 2 bombs were dropped the Allies asked for unconditional surrender, which was turned down by the Japanese military, but there was some indication that a conditional surrender might have been possible. Trumans answer to why he did it was to save lives. It sounds contradictory but experts say that an estimated 1 million casualties w ould have happened on the allied side in a Normandy type landing that would have been staged to enter Japan. Truman also said he was in the end saving more Japanese lives as well. Scientists at the time did not realize how dramatic the effects of radiation sickness were, so at that time Truman saw little difference in atomic bombing Hiroshima than fire bombing it. â€Å"The atom bomb was no great decision. It was merely another powerful weapon in the arsenal of righteousness.†Ã‚  (Brainy quotes) Some say there were other motives in using this bomb as well. Critics said that the bomb was not only the final shots of World War 2, but the beginning shots of the Cold War. us history.org page The approximate casualty numbers are difficult to determine due to the chaos and destruction that inused the bomb that decimated such things as hospitals and other government installations. The atom bomb named Little boy was dropped on Hiroshima, 135,000 out of the 255,000 existing population became casualties. 66,000 of those 135,000 were wounded fatally while the other 69,000 were injured. These numbers are more than double those from the bomb that was detonated in Nagasaki. The casualty numbers in Nagasaki were 64,000 total, with 39,000 deaths and 25,000 being injuries.The top cause of death from the explosion in Hiroshima was burns at 60%, with fall debris being the second at 30%. The causes of causalities in Nagasaki were 95% burns and 5% other. Henry pg 12 The burns caused by the bomb were called â€Å"flash burns†, because they were caused in tenths of a second. These burns are very similar to severe sunburn. The burns only occured on exposed or lightly clothed skinned. These burns were reported to have occurred up to 13,800 feet away from ground zero in Nagasaki. There was even a confirmed case of a newspaper that was 1  ½ miles away from the explosion had only its black letters burned out of the paper .Henry pg 17 Injuries caused by radiation included epilation(loss of hair), bleeding into the skin,inflammation of the throat and mouth, diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. Platelet (coagulation agents) numbers were also reduced, which caused any bleeding to be more prolonged than normal. Deaths from radiation poisoning started about 1 week after exposure, peaked in weeks 3 and 4, then they were nonexistent by week 7 to 8. Henry pg 24 One man (William o. Morse) sent a letter into a paper saying â€Å" the bomb is precisely what war is today. . . a senseless, dirty, brutal operation†. This kind of outright bluntness and honesty was rarely seen in other people, who were more subtle than outright saying that the Japanese deserved to die. A few weeks after the first bomb was dropped, a poll was taken of the American publics reaction to the bomb, and 85 percent said that dropping the bomb was a good idea. Diana steele After the war The Soviet Union wanted guarantee that such slaughter wouldn’t happen in the Soviet Union again, so they set out to spread Communism to the countries around them. Joseph stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union at the time was ruthless. â€Å"Death solves all problems no man, no problem†. (Brainy quotes 3) America could not sit by idle as this happened, so this is how the Cold War was started. The Cold War was the biggest concern of our government for the next 50 years. Also, Germany was divided into four sections, each to be de-Nazified and democratized. Russia Elected a communist regime in the east, to create a buffer so Russia could not be invaded. Winston Churchill called this the â€Å"Iron Curtain†. The war also created the UN. Examination of the period between World War 1 and World War 2 showed a lack of international communication and spirit. A strong body of nations like Woodrow WIlson had envisioned was required to keep countries from ripping each other apart, thus the UN was born. Nuclear weapons have been with us since the 1940’s, and will most likely be with us till the extinction of humanity. All of these things stemmed from Einsteins idea of a research group for this new nuclear technology, that became the Manhattan project. The bomb was created under the watch of FDR, then Harry Truman, who decided to drop the bomb. The bomb resulted in being more horrible than predicted, and wrecked havoc where it was dropped. Even today whenever war is mentioned, nuclear weapons almost always come to mind, and are something that is feared deeply. Citations Primary resources 1 Brainy Quotes. 1 Bookrags media network. web page. 5/1/14 http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/j_robert_oppenheimer.html 2. 1 Brainy Quotes. 1 Bookrags media network. web page. 5/1/14 http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/harry_s_truman.html 3. 1 Brainy Quotes. 1 Bookrags media network. web page. 5/1/14 http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/joseph_stalin.html 4 Einstien, Albert. F. D. Roosevelt August, 2, 1939. http://www.livebinders.com/play/play_or_edit?id=387006 szilard couldn’t convince enrico that the a bomb was possible and he wouldn;t conduct experiments. He then turned to albert einstein. Einstein then turned to president roosevelt with the issue, and urged him to take action . secondary resources 1. Diana Steele. users.dickinson. 1. dickinson. web site. 3/3/2014. http://users.dickinson.edu/~history/product/steele/seniorthesis.htm This secondary source gives information about how certain people and the general population reacts to the use of this weapon. 2.Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. 7. Encyclopedia Britannica, may 12, 2006. web. 3/4/14. http://www.britannica.com/topic/362098/history From this article i am obtaining information pertaining to the scientists who started the manhattan project and what the project accomplished. 3.Henry Lewis Stimson. columbia. 1.Columbia University in New York, letter. 3/3/2014. http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/MED/med_chp10.shtml august 6, 1945 a special b-29 called enola gay dropped the first atomic bomb ever on hiroshima. the government censored reports coming from hiroshima coming to america. 4.(Hitoshi Takayama). atomic bomb museum. 1. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, 2006. Medium of publication. 3/3/14. . http://atomicbombmuseum.org/index.shtml 5. n.e. atomic archive. 1. AJ Software Multimedia , N.d. web. 3/4/14.5. This source give information about treaties after the bomb and the destructive effects it had on the world. http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/MED/med_chp10.shtml This is a secondary source. I am gathering information about the casualty number, cause of death, and mortality rate. 7. ushistory.org. ushistory.org. 1. 2014). web page. 3/3/2104 http://www.ushistory.org/us/51g.asp America was very weary of the war by the time the atomic bomb was finished. The allies first asked the japanese for surrender, but without mention of a new or very devastating bomb. after the 2 bombs were dropped the japanese surrendered 5 days after.

Case Study – Ben and Jerry

The state of Vermont has been no stranger to paving the path for social justice in America. It is the first state to introduce civil unions and now holds the title as the first state to legalize same-sex marriage by enacting it through a bill rather than in response to a required court decision. (Wikipedia) In April of 2009, Vermont became the fourth state to legalize gay and lesbian marriage. With the bill set to take effect on September 1, 2009, Ben & Jerry's created a campaign to coincide with the bill's introduction in its home state. (PRSA)Ben & Jerry's is a premium, American ice cream company created by lifelong friends Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield. It was founded in Burlington, Vermont in 1978 where it is currently headquartered today. Cohen, a college dropout, and Greenfield, a recent college grad, decided to open an ice cream shop because they felt they needed to do something with themselves. After splitting the cost of a correspondence course on ice cream-making from Penn State University, they leased an old gas station building and opened the first Ben & Jerry's Scoop Shop.The rest is history. Since opening its first Scoop Shop in 1978, Ben & Jerry's has expanded into a widely successful brand and leader in ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbet manufacturing. Their ice cream can be found in all corners of the world, 26 different countries to be exact. Its products are distributed in grocery stores, restaurants, franchise Ben & Jerry's Scoop Shops and other venues worldwide. Besides achieving great economical success, the company makes significant product donations to community groups and nonprofits across the nation.The purpose of Ben & Jerry's philanthropy is to support the founding values of the company, economic and social justice, environmental restoration and peace through understanding. (Ben & Jerry) In 1990, eight million Ben & Jerry ice cream cartons carried a â€Å"Support Farm Aid† message as part of a grassroots effort to support fa mily farmers. In 1991, the company introduced a bus that used solar panels to power onboard electronics in support of solar energy use.The national issues concerning gay rights and marriage equality are also included in the company's dedication to social justice. Ben & Jerry's official website states this commitment is grounded in our Company's core values, which include a deep respect for people inside and outside our company and an unshakable belief that all people deserve full and equal civil rights. In 1989, they extended full benefits to unmarried partners of its employees, including same-sex partners. And in 2000, they advocated publicly in Vermont for the creation of civil unions.It should come as no surprise that Ben & Jerry's chose to commemorate its home state's historic moment, â€Å"while reinforcing the company's longstanding commitment to social justice and equality for all people despite race, ethnicity, religion or sexual preference. † The result was â€Å"Hu bby Hubby†, a traditional and social media campaign surrounding the symbolic renaming of Ben & Jerry's popular ice cream flavor â€Å"Chubby Hubby† to â€Å"Hubby Hubby. † The campaign was planned to coincide with the bill's enactment on September 1, 2009 and last through the month of September.Ben & Jerry's partnered with Freedom To Marry, an organization that campaigns for the right of same-sex couples to marry in the United States. Together they aimed to raise awareness of the importance of marriage equality and, to show its support, would serve â€Å"Hubby Hubby† ice cream in Vermont Scoop Shops throughout the month of September. Goals of the â€Å"Hubby Hubby† campaign included encouraging other states to follow the trails of Vermont and other states legalizing gay marriage, promote the national conversation about why marriage equality matters, how to take action by driving consumers to freedomtomarry.org. Ben & Jerry’s has a long histor y of commitment to social justice, including gay rights.Its partnership with Freedom to Marry, a national leader in the movement for marriage equality, aims to raise awareness of the importance of marriage equality and to encourage other states to follow the blazing trails of Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, and Maine. Freedom to Marry promotes the national conversation about why marriage equality matters and brings together partner organizations into a larger whole – a shared civil rights campaign.

Oxford Insurance

Without proper management, it is easy for employees to slack off and they may lose their sight of the company goal. If we look at Herbage's two factor theory, you can see that Oxford Insurance Services is lacking some factors that are Important In Job satisfaction and motivation In employees. Challenging work, responsibility and rewards are part of the Intrinsic motivators that attribute to an Individual's sense of satisfaction with their work. It doesn't seem as though there are specific numbers that are set for each person, rather, just numbers that the company as a whole need to make.They could have dad specific attainable goals for each broker so they all have something specific to work towards. Stuart could have also came up with competitions within the group with rewards, such as a bonus. The only reward that they had was casual Friday. Although this is a step, there is not much incentive for the brokers to work hard. Many of the emails started with bad news and letting everyon e know that they are not reaching their goal, this is news and information that they are probably already away of.This sets the mood for the rest of the email. Some of the e-mails were also very short and seemed Impersonal, such as the ones to Mary. It states that Mary Is the type of person who appreciates going straight to business but the emails from Stuart is highly motivating. You don't get the sense that Stuart really cares about her. When she was doing well, Stuart emailed her telling her that she had a good month and that she would not hear from him about that for another 90 days. This does not give her any incentive to continue to work hard.If we fast forward to September when the numbers were falling short, Mary receives an email from Michael telling her that the holiday weekend is over and that she needs to start paying attention to the numbers. We thought this e-mail seemed very rude and disrespectful. Respect Is very important in motivation and If Mary does not feel that she is receiving the respect she deserves then that will show In her work. It also doesn't help the situation that Michael Is half the age of Mary. In Broom's expectancy theory, It states that people will behave a certain way because they think it will lead them to a desired outcome.Stuart and Michael is not giving the Question 2. The case suggests that Mary feels De-energize. Why might that be? Mary was lacking motivation because she was not getting the desired support from ere team. She felt that the staff was not very customer focused whereas she wanted to build good and trustworthy relationships with her customers by providing them better services. Also, there were personality and age differences between Mary and her clerical staff that had a negative impact on their teamwork. Another reason why Mary felt De-energize was because of differences in motivational value.It can be inferred from the case that Mary had a high focus on extrinsic value of motivation. She Joined Oxfords b ecause of high raise and a promise to achieve self-actualization. However, through all the motivational memos, it is evident that rewards were mostly non-monetary benefits. Employees were either praised verbally or would have a chance to wear casual clothes on Friday. There were hardly any incentives like performance-based bonuses etc. Moreover, Mary felt that Stuart was very aggressive with achieving the targeted numbers and was not giving her enough free hands to accomplish her goal of having repeat customers by building trust. . How else might Stuart and Michael foster motivation among the 0. 1. S. Brokers? Identifying and determining ways to motivate employees is vital to every business. A motivated employee in a workplace defines a highly productive staff that will help achieve common goals and objectives of the business. While not every employee will be able to get motivated by similar things, hence, Stuart and Michael should first develop a motivational strategy that includes understanding the difference of what motivates their employees.It is key essential to determine what really drives the majority of their employees so that the company can reach the highest performance. This motivational employee strategy must also include the process of developing orgasm that will eventually motivate employees greatly while also retain the best employee of the business. Therefore, Stuart and Michael can apply the relationship between Measles Need Hierarchy and Herrings Two-Factor Theory.Moscow postulated that every single individual has five basic needs that constitutes the most basic need to the highest needs that will enable managers to understand the value of their employee satisfaction level of motivation. Although it seems that 0. 1. S brokers express self-actualization and esteem regularly, it would be more effective for Stuart and Michael to constantly provide training sessions that will rate more rooms for on-going development for self-actualization. In add ition, it is always better for Stuart and Michael to not Just boost their employees self-esteem by email, buttoner of a direct approach of face-to-face.A direct approach like lunch or dinner invitation may result in a very effective way as a sense of distinct recognition. Not only that it will establish stronger relationship by interaction and affiliating with colleagues, but this may also offer a sense of â€Å"belongingness† within the company. It is very interesting to notice that Mary had been the only one who receive the most or at least direct encouragement. However, it would be helpful if Stuart and Michael discouragement from other employees in accordance to the given task.In terms of giving instructions and motivational messages, this may appear confusing and repetitive on the e-mail, thus, supervision division between Stuart and Michael can be differentiated so that all employees understand and fully aware on instructions. Therefore, it is very important to define a better structure of communication in assigning tasks for their employees with detailed measurement of key performance indicator. This will be very effective for every employees to keep up with their course f action achieve the target and allowing themselves to measure their own accountability or work progress.This key performance indicator (KIP) may also leads to reward systems or individual incentives as described in Herrings Two-Factory Theory under Hygiene Factor on salary. This incentives and reward system should also be diversified all across department without any differences. All age groups should receive equal value from this incentives and rewards. Also, this will indirectly educate employee to understand the expectancy theory where extra effort that shows great performance will lead to valuable outcomes.

The Controversy Over Bandaid30 For Ebola - 2955 Words

1. Short Answers: Each answer is worth 3 points. Answer all 15 questions. Total: 45 points. 1. Define Pinkwashing and give an example. The term Pinkwashing was created by Breast Cancer Action. It was a part of their Think Before You Pink campaign. Pinkwashing or pinkwasher is an organization that claims to care about breast cancer by promoting a pink ribbon product however they produce and sell products that are linked to disease. An example of Pinkwashing would be KFC’s â€Å"Buckets for the Cure†, since high intakes of fried and barbequed meat can cause breast cancer. 2. Explain the controversy over BandAid30 for Ebola. The controversy was that many people felt as if the lyrics of the revised song were very ignorant and fell†¦show more content†¦The government had begun to ban any studies that were being done on salmon. The government also closed down labs that were performing experiments on salmon. A lot of profit is made by the government, from the sales of farm fish that is sold locally and exported. After taking all the research and all the results for salmon research and experiments, it was said that the results were negative. In reality, the salmon were highly infected with Infectious Salmon Anemia. These results came from labs that were not funded by the government or farm fish industry. If it was announced that the results were positive, Fish farms would be closed down, causing less earning by the government. 4. Name the three viruses affecting the wild British Columbia salmon. ISA, Salmon Alphavirus, and Piscine Reovirus. The three viruses identified were Piscine Reovirus (PRV), Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) and Salmon Alphavirus. Piscine Reovirus shows symptoms of Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation and Cardiomyopathy syndrome. All fish do not show this symptom. Infectious Salmon Anemia can cause loss of appetite, abnormal swimming, graying gills etc. Salmon alphavirus symptoms change and get worse over time. Symptoms include visible lesions and tissue abnormality. These three viruses are extremely deadly to fish. 5. ISA is an abbreviation for? Describe what it is. ISA is an abbreviation for Infectious Salmon Anemia. It can