Cyberlaw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cyberlaw - Essay Example The inventors have to wait for a long time before they can implement their business goals. Besides, such a backlog results in denial of inventors rights of timely and rigorous processing. As each examiner has more files to handle, they have to take less time processing the patents, which will considerably compromise the extensiveness of their applications (Craig, 2013). On this ground, there is a need for the government to focus on the backlog problem to ensure that it does not de-motivate or kill innovation among upcoming investors. In the emergence of the backlog problem, a number of proposals have been put forward as possible solutions to the problem. Some individuals have come up with the idea that the government should increase its budgetary allocation for USPTO to help them meet the demands for patent examination. While this approach may help to equip the office with more staffs to reduce the backlog, it would impose the burden on the federal government. Another group suggests that the filing fee should be increased to help the office increase its capacity to handle the ever increasing files. However, the weakness with this approach is that it would impose the burden on the inventors, which the government has avoided in its incentive to encourage investment (Craig, 2013). On this ground, it would be crucial for USPTO to consider the most cost-efficient procedures to streamline the patent examination process. To do this, the organization needs to invest in efficient IT infrastructure that will ensure quick and efficient processing of patent files. Besides, training of the IT office staff would be crucial in ensuring that they have higher work output and hence no delay in file processing. Reducing the backlog would be a milestone in improving the patent application files. In the recent past, issues of patent infringement have become popular within the public domain as marked by increased court

CIVIL RIGHTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CIVIL RIGHTS - Essay Example Since white population has been in majority in the USA, Canada, Australia and European countries since ever, they enjoy power, pelf, position, status and key positions in the developed and prosperous countries of the world at large. It is therefore I aptly wished to be the member of white racial group of society, so that I could also be looked at with great respect and admiration because of coming of the dominated white ethno-racial community. One day, I was highly depressed on my return from the job search excursion, and disappointment could easily be found on my face. After taking dinner half-heartedly, I went to bed and kept sleep. The next morning I woke up early at dawn and looked into the mirror. I was astonished to find me as the member of white racial group. I rubbed my eyes in order to estimate whether it was a dream or reality. However, still I was in the perplexed state of mind when I heard the call of my Black servant, who was seeking the piece of my advice regarding the preparation of breakfast in a very humble tone. I asked him to step in, and sit in chair with me. He looked at me with great surprise, and appeared to be reluctant to comply with my instructions.

SWOT, PEST and Porters 5 Forces Analysis of Virgin

SWOT, PEST and Porters 5 Forces Analysis of Virgin Virgin group was founded by Richard Branson. Virgin group first started with a magazine called student. This started in 70s and got huge recognition in public. Then he opened a virgin recording studio. In 80s virgin company went on to international recognition. He then started virgin Atlantic airways in 84. In the same year he started a 24 hour music channel which was a grand success. Virgin entered in all kind of business by 90s. There are different companies under virgin group like virgin mobile, virgin airways, virgin holidays, virgin trains, cars, books etc. Virgin group is the one of the top companies in UK. In rest of the countries it is giving a tough competition to other companies. Virgin has a different strategy and approach to the customers and it always succeeded in attracting the customers. Group produces different products and has entered into different fields in a very short period. Virgin has the advantage of its brand name in the market as it is a company where most of the people are wary about the company products. Richard Branson manager of the company is the brand ambassador of the company. History: 1968: Richard Bransons first magazine went on to publish. This is the first venture by the company manager. 1970: In this year Virgin mail order was born. 1971: In this year virgins first record shop was opened in Oxford Street in London. 1972: Virgin built a recording studio and composed the songs. 1984: Company built Virgin Atlantic airways where the flights ran to all beautiful places. 1985: Company started another offer to the customers like Virgin Holidays. 1988: Virgin opened Mega stores in Glasgow, Paris and then it spread to many other major cities. 1991: In this year Virgin started selling books. 1993: Virgin started radio station. It is the first national and commercial radio station in UK. 1994: In this year Virgin entered into beverages and started Virgin Vodka and Virgin Cola. 1995: Virgin launched cinemas in UK. 1996: In this year Virgin started its Internet services to the customers. 1997: Virgin entered into transportation industry and started Virgin rails. 1999: Virgin mobiles started and it changed the way of communication. 2000: In this year Virgin started nine companies and all of them were successful. 2007: Virgin entered into Indian market with its mobile. Strategy of the company: Virgins first and obvious resource is the chairman Richard Branson that made the company to top position. Richard Bransons style and charismatic manner that attracts many people towards virgin group. Secondly virgin people are the main source of the companys success. Virgin has a unique brand recognition in different businesses that is difficult to other companies to replicate. Virgin has many numbers of companies under its shadow. The management of virgin group has freedom to express their opinions regarding companys ongoing business and innovates new strategies for the company development. Virgins management is heavily depends on the market analysis and the customer requirements as they go into customer shoes and understand their needs and serve more better. Virgin has creative employees to serve the company better and it has 25000 employees all over the world. Richard Branson adopted a policy with his managers and encouraged their own creativity for initiative ideas so managers would feel more responsible and ownership and tries to make a change in the company strategy and make it to run on success and profits. Management recruited carefully only some selected individuals who has the competitive nature and good teamwork abilities and chairman Richard Branson has selected as they are of his image in characteristics. Brand Strategy: Brand name or brand strategy is a process of attracting customers to buy a new product of its brand where brand has already got a market value. Virgin has a great brand value in UK and all the products which are produced are sold under its brand. Branding allows a customer to buy repeatedly the product and it makes a loyal supplier and the customer is also satisfied. Branding less than one name means more responsible to the supplier and trustworthy to supplier to supply the best products. Selling the products under one brand doesnt need more advertisement costs and it gets good response in the beginning as the brand is familiar in the market and there are many number trusted customers to it already. There are even some threats to this brand strategy, if the product fails to attract the customers then it may put the brand into difficult position and it degrades the image of the brand. Virgin has a great brand value in the market that uses its name tag for all its products in advertising and releases into the market. Virgin has many products in various fields under its brand name like in travel and tourism it has virgin travels, vacations etc. in leisure it has games, spa etc. In social welfare and environment it has green fund, virgin earth etc. In beverages it has virgin wines, soft drinks etc. In media it has virgin radio, music channels, mobiles, broadband, telecommunications etc. With all these it has some products like books, cloths, and finance and health bank. All its products has only one brand name and they are sold on virgin name for its brand value and good reputation. In virgin it provides two types of products, they are differentiated as convenience products and no requested products which have different types of customers and demand. In convenience products books, cosmetics, mobiles are available where all these products are convenient to buy for any type of customers. These products are bought frequently, immediately and with minimum affordable costs. The second type of products is no requested products like extra terrestrial travels where people doesnt know about it or doesnt show interest in it. Virgin introduced an offer to travel space to its customers. Due to its cost and risks many were not interested to use the offer. Virgin believes in fewer prices in differentiated products where certain level of customers expects quality of products. Branson has managed to satisfy the customers with quality services and his products through out the world. Virgin brand mainly concentrated on customers like young people who like innovative, quality, fun loving products. Corporate Structure: The structure of virgin group is different than other companies as the financial information is not clear for this business. As it is a private company and it has different fields and different organizations and there are no correct accounts, so financial structure of the company and its income and business statements are not available clearly. Branson told that the group is loosely linked to each other and they are self managed under one brand name. Branson also said that virgin is a group of private companies and not public limited company so it must concentrate on benefit of shareholders, stakeholders and financiers. The advantage of this is the company targets only on the long term profits. Virgin group is mainly controlled by Richard and his trusted employees who are working for him since twenty years. In head office there are 30 people working and he has given them freedom to work and improve the companys financial structure and he is there only to look after big deals and final strategy. The main strategy of the virgin is to work in different sectors of business under one brand name. Virgin has decentralized the organizational structure and decision making allows the managers to learn about business tactics and while avoiding large deal decision to the chairman. Virgin allows small companies to put its brand name as it gets international recognition and it would help company to promote very easily. With this virgin is able to enjoy both the large scale and small scale companys profits and world wide recognition. Virgin has a centralized unit to look all its business strategies and manage all the companies under one desk at the head office. A single website www.virgin.com allows users to access all its products and services. It has a internet business strategy which has coordination between all the companies and they act according to the strategies coming from the head office. When a customer enters into virgin website he can access to all the products of virgin which are under one portal and if he uses any product then he becomes a member of virgin family and he can use other services like mobile, telecommunication, banking, transportation, internet needs, traveling, entertainment etc. In this it gains more number of customers like virgin mobile gets customers from virgin rail records, virgin travel gets records from other virgin companies and so on. In this way other mobile companies cant get contact with rail customers or travel companies cannot contact to some unrelated company customers as they are unknown to them, but in virgin it have all types of customers and it can get in contact with all customers who are under them and this would help them increase the sale of there products. Strategic Relationships: All the companies in virgin run targeting towards a five pillar empire system that Richard was eager to create. According to Richard five pillars and heart of his business are travel, leisure, mobile phones, entertainment retailing and personal finance. Virgin wants to say to all its customers by using prefix called fun, innovative, daring. It is already said that the main strategy of virgin is Sir Richard Branson. The Britain people can immediately identify the Sir Richard Branson name and his companies. This is the main psychological strategy Richard has got and he actively participates in all marketing and promotion activities. This is the reason for the expansion of virgin empire and all other companies show interest to keep a joint venture with virgin group. There is a great demand for virgin and the example for this is actually for the virgin direct affair investment was  £15 million. But the AMP limited the leading international finance group initial investment was  £450 million and it was 50-50 joint venture. All business in the virgin group sacrificed short term profits to gain long term growth and used an individual level business strategy of decision making method. Managers are given freedom to make decisions independently for the growth and feel the same as of ownership and the value that any manager would feel. The assets and finance matters are not shared between companies and if any company became too large any other company would take its place. Management: Branson has taken few candidates who are having innovative ideas and are willing to start new business with a strong desire to beat their competitor. Richard Branson has added his own style of management style and involved actively all the employees and asked for advices to further serving customers better. Employees were actively involved in behaving with there values and there performance was accountable. Human resource management was responsible to keep people to the bonuses and profit sharing where ever possible they get promotions. Analytical Tools: PEST Analysis: Political factors: Virgin rail is running under single brand as it has partnership with stagecoach. Virgin has 51% share and stagecoach has 49% share in the market. Virgin follows all the rules and regulations of the country it is working in and it pays all taxes and makes policies according to the government rules. Virgin is Britains most trusted company and it has lot of customer following to its products and has a great influence and bonding relationship with the people of this country. The political interference in virgin group is regarding financial matters as the reports are not clear due to its partnerships with many companies. Economic factors: To virgin most of the companies are running with partnerships and they are putting only to some extent of money and they expand their business. The global recession has lot of affect on its company, like closing down or losing jobs may have direct impact on its business strategy. Operation levels are increased and taking particular attention to the competitive services regarding to customers. Fluctuations in the local and international market show the direct impact on the companys business strategy and may turn it into losses. Social factors: The social responsibility of providing good quality services to its customers is its first priority. The company has a mission to give outstanding services to all its customers according to the economic conditions of the customer. Environmental concerns are increasing day by day. So company launched its first bio-diesel train earlier than all other companies in Europe. Virgin has poor punctuality services which should be taken care and satisfy the customers by addressing on time. Virgin mobile has offered different offers to its customers according to the social conditions of the countrys situation. Technological factors: Virgin is one company which always tries to update its software or its technical knowledge and serve to its customers to a maximum extent. Virgin rail has always made updates in its technology or in its quality to its customers and made the trains run punctually without any technical mistakes. Virgin group always updates in providing internet services and technologies in it as wireless technology. Company policies also change according to the trend and interest of the customers. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: Brand name: Virgin has a strong brand name in countries like UK, USA, and Australia. Name of its brand is enough to promote any product and make it grand success in the market. Products coming from virgin can survive in the market very easily and they can get good recognition and publicity without making more advertisement. Different types of distribution: Virgin has two different types of distribution units. First is to sell the products in retail stores and the second is to sell through online. Customers can use any of these services according to there comfortable levels. Both of these distribution units are maintained by virgin group. Various processes to export: Virgin has different methods of transportation facilities to export its products. It has international airports and two big seaports near to it for exporting its product. IT professionals: It has highly skilled software professionals who work with great commitment to give the best quality of service to its customers. High budget: Virgin group has enough money to invest into any kind of business and it is earning huge profits every year for its products and it is expanding to different countries every year. Weaknesses: Loose supervision: As virgin is a group of different companies and each field has its own managers, the supervision of the company is becoming hard for anyone and control goes out of hand sometimes. Communication gap: There is a lot of communication gap between each company. Only the website to approach to the company is same but the communication between different sectors of business is very weak. Bad transportation: There is a bad transportation facility and there is no punctuality in trains and other public transportation facilities where all these are affecting the company progress. Outdated machinery: Some of the virgin products use outdated machines and these cause a great trouble to the customers and employees in it. For example virgin rails still need to update its version of trains and make it faster. Opportunities: Expand to overseas: Virgin has the opportunity to expand to overseas and make its market to reach to more customers as it is a familiar product in many countries. Products like mobiles, airlines and media can be extended to any country very easily. Virgin could get better deals: Virgin has the opportunity to get more deals from more countries as it is always ready to expand its business and it is ready to make partnership with any other company for its progress. Opportunities of training: There are many opportunities for training for fresher and retraining to other individuals in the company. So that employer has the opportunity to know more about the company and on what project it is working exactly. Using high technology goods: It has the opportunity to improve itself by improving its technology and usage of new technologies in different sectors and making customer easy to understand about the services you offer. Threats: The success of virgin group mainly depends on the corporate parenting strategy which is led by Richard Branson. It is sustained through its strategies if it goes well in the market and gives competition to other companies. In the long run Branson has to put his succession ideas and strategies for the future running of business and they require implementing properly to reach the targets of the company. Virgin has to take care about its strong leadership for the future and the implementation of its company policies and strategies for the long run of the company by managing all the companies under it carefully. Porters 5 forces: In porters five forces it discuss about the five factors where the running of a company depends and they are: rivalry, supplier power, customer power, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants. Porters Five Forces Model Rivalry: In the market if the rivalry between two companies increases then it would result to zero profit margins. Companies try to overcome this and take competitive advantage and over their rivals. Rivalry can be caused due to various reasons and their effects may decrease prices and sometimes companies need to put special offers to face the challenges. Rivalry between companies is due to the following reasons Large number of firms: More number of firms produces same product then they compete for the sales of there goods to the same customers in a limited market place and this led to competition between companies. High fixed costs: If the cost of product is high then customers switch to other companies and this would put in trouble so the companies has to put a price with a minimum profit margin. Market growth: In this companies try to grow rapidly by attracting customers and they make plans for the expansion of there business. There would be a strong rivalry during this process as all the companies try to increase their market size. Threat of substitutes: In this model threat of substitutes refer to the same products producing by other companies and making competition. In this customers would easily switch to another product. So companies have price war and look for the low margin profits to attract existing and new customers. Buying power: This refers to the power of buyers as it is mainly concerned with customers. There are some factors in this as the buyers are powerful and if the buyers are weak. Buyers are powerful when the customers are less in concentration compared to market share and he can purchase a fair share of output. Buyers are weak when the companies take over the distribution of products on their own or the producers supply distribution of input purchases. Supplier power: In this it discuss about the power of supplier. Suppliers are powerful when there are more number of customers or when there are only few suppliers to the company. Suppliers are weak when more number of suppliers is there to supply the goods and when the less number of purchasers are available in the market. Threat of new entrants: In this if any new company enters the market this would make huge competition in the market and new entrants threat to pose more danger as they try to attract the customers and in this process they give lot of offers to the customers. In this it is easy to enter when there is huge demand for any product and lot of distribution channels. It is easy to exit when there are salable assets, low exit costs and independent businesses. Future of the company: Virgin has a lot of strategies for its future and Richard Branson is in the process to implement all these strategies. Virgin is planning to enter into more different sectors of business and to expand its business to other countries. Virgin is planning to open new businesses in partnership with any company to enter into new business and to other countries. It is planning to enter developing countries and make its mark there by giving more offers to all types of customers and increase their share in the market and their brand value. The virgin group as a business head had the following points where they value these. Understanding of markets: Virgins management has a good experience in identifying the market situation. It is there expertise and business strategy which helped the company to achieve a lot of success in all business areas they entered. Brand name which overcame barriers to entry: The virgin brand name is the Britains favorite brand and it is a respectable brand in other countries. Joint ventures: virgin secret of success is joint ventures and they kept limited investment in new products and got benefits from this in market. Freedom to managers: management is not restricted and the company helps in innovation and promotes shared partnership and responsibilities. Innovation: Virgins staff has individuals who have succeeded in their careers and the group invites many people who invest in new innovations and differentiate. All these innovative ideas made virgin in top position and they have applied in there business and got huge success to their credit. For example virgin mobiles have partnership with other telecommunication groups and they gave offers such as less monthly rentals and cheaper prepaid offers in all the places they entered. In UK virgin doesnt operate its own network but it won best wireless award in UK. Conclusion: Virgin company has many ventures to launch. Virgin managed to increase their share in the market over the last 15 years. In last fifteen years there are lot of new ventures in Virgin and entered into different fields and launched its products in many countries. A strong brand name and good service to its customers makes Virgin Company to top position in future. Bibliography: Wilson and Gilligan (1998),  Strategic Marketing Management,  2nd  edition, Butterwoth Heinemann, Oxford   Applied Strategic Planning: An Introduction by Timothy N. Nolan, Leonard D. Goodstein, and Jeanette Goodstein Applied Strategic Planning: How to Develop a Plan That Really Works: A Comprehensive Guide by Leonard Goodstein, Timothy Nolan, and J. William Pfeiffer

Judgment in Anna Karenina Essay -- Tolstoy Anna Karenina Essays

The question of judgment and sympathies in Anna Karenina is one that seems to become more complicated each time I read the novel. The basic problem with locating the voice of judgment is that throughout the novel, there are places where we feel less than comfortable with the seemingly straightforward, at times even didactic presentation of Anna and Vronsky's fall into sin alongside Levin's constant moral struggle. As Anna's story unfolds in its episodic manner within the context of the rest of the novel, Tolstoy seems to be trying to make the fact of her guilt more and more clear to us; at the same time though, we have more and more difficulty in tracing out the specific locus of that guilt. In a novel as consummately constructed as this one is, we are tempted to look for places where the undercurrents of the text, the places where the text takes on its own life and force, run against, or at least complicate, the discernment of authorial judgment. By closely examining To lstoy's treatment of Anna's moral crisis as compared with his handling of Levin, we might attempt to unravel the book's rather layered and complex system of condemnation. The novel's epigraph sets a certain tone for us before we even begin reading; the biblically inflected "Vengeance is mine; I will repay," plants in our heads the idea that wrong will be done and punishment exacted. Indeed, we come across a wrong in the very first lines of the opening chapter, in Stepan Arkadyich's dalliance with the French governess, which has thrown the Oblonsky house into "confusion."(1) Tolstoy's descriptions of Stepan Arkadyich as a pleasant, honest, well-liked bon vivant seem at times to drip with contempt. He is "lazy and mischievous"(14), his life... ...he end, perhaps because Tolstoy was a better writer than he was true moralist, I'm not sure that Tolstoy ever reconciled the novel's judgment of Anna with his own sympathy and love for her. The result is a novel divided, uneasy with the Å’vengefulness' of its own condemnation, perhaps proud of its over-riding message of living for truth and "the good"(817) in life, but ultimately unable to fully convince us that it gravitates toward its own confused and forced moral center. Works Cited and Consulted Cherneshevsky, Nikolai. "The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy" in Edie, Scanlan and Zeldin, eds., Russian Philosophy Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1965. Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina, trans. Constance Garnett New York: The Modern Library, 1993. Turgenev, Ivan. Sketches From a Hunter's Album, trans. Richard Freeborn London: Penguin Books, 1990.

How to Multitask? Essay

Sometimes I wish I could clone myself and be present in several places at the same time! † says Vedika. Don’t we wish all we could do that ? Living in this busy world, we never seem to have enough time to get everything done. The best way to get our tasks done is to learn how to organize our time. Women are the best example of multitasking. They need to take care of so many things at once; their children, houses, husbands, and sometimes careers! (Catherine Bush,2001) Although women are born with this skill that doesn’t mean it’s not an attainable skill. The most successful business men are those who learned the art of multitasking. So much work needs to get done, so little time to do it. After all as they say in the business world â€Å"time is money! † Doctors are also are a great example. As a doctor you have a big number of patients to look after, not to mention the multiple surgeries that you have to perform each day, which means you have to focus on getting each task done in its own time. In order to master the art of multitasking, we can always follow a few simple steps in order to get our lives much more organized & accomplishing more. If you want to be a professional multitasked; you have to take in a consideration writing down your to do list, prioritizing, having a timeline, sticking to your time line and finishing   tasks on time. A to do list is the most common way to organizing your tasks. Write down the things you need to get done for the day in the evening before, spend 10-15 minutes writing down your list. There fore, the first thing you should start your day with is deciding what would you do depending on how busy your day os going to be. Now a days, Technology has become much more aware of the important of To Do Lists so we can find such pocket organizers, programs in computers, online websites, and mobile phones as well. Having a to do list will make your day more organized, much clear of what to do. Moreover, it will make you feel less stressed, then you will be much more capable of accomplishing your tasks. After writing down a to do list prioritizing would be your second step. To know when to switch tasks, you must distinguish between the tasks you must perform and those you can afford to blow off. Prioritize your list in order depending on the tasks must be done first. Rank them as daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly categories (Catherine Bush, 2001). Then, you have to decide what tasks need to be done first according to the level of importance and the amount of time you have to get it done. Keep in mind that you have to carry on with your schedule under any circumstances (Sanjay). Timeline would be your redline, so you should prepare yourself to be always on time. First, set a time line for each task so you won’t waste your time. Secondly, you must decide the amount of time you can spend on each task so that you will have enough time to finish them all (Triana Mukherjee,2004). Some tasks un expectedly take more time thus affecting your whole plan. It’s alright, the more you practice this, the better you will be in your time judgment After setting your timelines you have to stick to it. Always, stick to your time line, and finish each task before starting the next one. Doing this will be a good exercise on time management. E. g: when having to work on a project for school, set on estimate for the time required for the preparations step, research step, and writing step. You will be able to finish on time if you stick to your time line . Multitasking at your current level leads to other levels and that is a natural progression. The ‘challenge’ factor keeps you going. You can do other things and do them well† Observes Sanjay, The amount of tasks needed to be accomplished each day depends on a lot of factors; the amount of time you can afford to spend, the quality you want your work to be, your limitations, strength and ambitions.

Crm Banking Sector Essay

A study of customer perception of CRM initiatives in the Indian Banking Sector Vanisha Oogarah-Hanuman Lecturer Faculty of Law and Management University of Mauritius Sharmila Pudaruth Lecturer Faculty of Law and Management University of Mauritius Vinod Kumar Research Scholar Department of Management Studies School of Management Pondicherry University Victor Anandkumar Reader Department of Management Studies School of Management Pondicherry University ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the front-end effectiveness of CRM strategies in the banking sector in India by studying the customer perception of CRM initiatives. This is an empirical research which is descriptive in nature and relied mainly on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire to study the perception of Indian customers. Findings: Banks operating in India have failed to impress their customers on their CRM efforts. Various CRM initiates and dimensions measured in this study report unfavorable response. This under-performance has occurred in spite of technological developments and new processes in place Practical implications: The findings will have useful implications for Banks operating in India in order to think in line with the customers’ response. The study emphasizes the importance of retaining profitable customers for a lifetime and the growing importance of CRM in order to better satisfy customers in the Indian Banking Industry. Originality/value: Crucial aspects pertaining to CRM in the Indian banking sector had been under-researched and the aim of the present study is to have a broadened investigation of the CRM initiatives adopted by Indian banks. The study provides a discussion on the concept of CRM in the Indian banking sector and proposes recommendations to assist the banking sector on how to nurture profitable, long-term relationships with the customers Volume:01, Number:04, August-2011 www. theinternationaljournal. org Page 1 1. Introduction In today’s banking environment, it is becoming difficult to build and maintain strong and lasting relationships with customers. In fact, the challenges of building strong customer relationships have become even greater for banks with the emergence of e-business, diffusion of innovations and agile new competitors in the banking sector. The introduction of Customer Relationship Management has provided banks with a driving philosophy, a reoriented information system and a communication tool that helps to create invaluable and knowledge based relationships. Therefore, banks are developing a continuing long-term business relationship with customers and they are shifting their focus from market share to mind share of customers. The literature review has focused on the importance of CRM in the banking sector and the importance of maintaining profitable relationships with banking customers, which in turn leads to profitability through customer loyalty. Close relationship with customers will require a strong coordination between IT and marketing departments to provide a long-term retention of selected customers. Accordingly, this paper will aim to investigate important attributes which customers value as far as customer relationships in the Indian banking sector is concerned. No doubt, considerable literature on CRM is available worldwide but there is limited research throwing light over the importance of CRM in the Indian banking sector. Therefore, the paper reviews pertinent literature on CRM in the banking sector. Then, the methodology employed to collect and analyse data is outlined. Then the findings are discussed, implications are described and the paper further makes strategic recommendations towards enhancing customer relationships in the Indian banking sector. Directions for future research are also proposed in the arena of customer relationship management and banking sector. 2. The Indian Banking Sector and CRM The economic reforms initiated by the Government of India roughly about a decade ago have changed the landscape of several sectors of the Indian economy [1]. The Indian banking sector is no exception. The economic reforms have also generated new and powerful customers (huge Indian middle class) and new mix of players (public sector units, private banks, and foreign banks). The emerging competition has generated new expectations from the existing and the new customers. The new rules of competition require recognition of the importance of consumers and the necessity to address the needs through innovative products supported by new technology. Perceptions and expectations of the customers have undergone a sea change, with the innovative and modern banking services offered to the customers. This necessitates banks to include a customer-oriented approach whereby they build, maintain and manage longstanding relationships with their profitable customers in order to gain sustainable competitive edge. 3. Conceptual background Over the past two decades, the literature has argued that businesses across all sectors will have to change their approach to marketing, which should now be carried out through relationships, networks, and interactions [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Such a marketing approach is very Volume:01, Number:04, August-2011 www. theinternationaljournal. rg Page 2 different from the more traditional one based on transactions affecting the Four Ps (product, price, place and promotion). 3. 1. CRM in the Banking sector Customer relationship management (CRM) has been as important to the banking industry at the start of the 21st century as it has been to any other industry. Many banks have used CRM tools to acquire more customers and to improve relationships with them. A key aspect in banks embracing technological platforms and delivery systems is the impact this will have on bank-customer relationships. Therefore, in order to achieve banking excellence, meeting customer needs and offering innovative products is not sufficient in itself. The balance between relatively high costs of relationships with customers and the need to maintain profit growth needs to be finely tuned, if marketing is not to revert back to a transactional paradigm [8]. Likewise, increased customer expectations have created a competitive climate whereby the quality of the relationship between the customer and the institution has taken a greater significance [9, 10]. The development of effective customer relationships is widely advocated as a key element of marketing strategies in the service sector (Ennew, 1996). Therefore a binding and long-term customer relationship seems to be necessary for many banks to react to the changed conditions and to guarantee the continuity. For many customers, a strong banking relationship is as vital as any other business relationship they maintain. This gives CRM-driven banks an advantage in that customers want the benefits of a solid relationship. Common benefits for customers of banks using CRM include wider access with branch locations, Internet and ATMs; access to service and support; discount credit rates and enhanced savings; and other customization opportunities. Attracting new customers should be viewed only as an intermediate step in the marketing process. Developing close relationships with these customers and turning them into loyal ones are equal aspects of marketing. Thus relationship marketing ought to be perceived as attracting, maintaining, and in multi service organizations, enhancing customer relationships [12, 13, 14, 15]. Another important facet of CRM is customer selectivity. As several research studies have shown not all customers are equally profitable for an individual company [16]. 3. 2. Role of Service Providers in the Banking Sector Although CRM has become widely recognized as an important business approach, there is no universally accepted definition of CRM. Swift defined CRM as an ‘enterprise approach to understanding and influencing customer behaviour through meaningful communications in order to improve customer acquisition, customer retention, customer loyalty, and customer profitability’ [17]. Kincaid viewed CRM as ‘the strategic use of information, processes, technology, and people to manage the customer’s relationship with your company (Marketing, Sales, Services, and Support) across the whole customer life cycle’ [18]. Parvatiyar and Sheth defined CRM as ‘a comprehensive strategy and process of acquiring, retaining, and partnering with selective customers to create superior value for the company and the customer [19]. 3. 3. Customer Loyalty, Customer Retention and Customer Relationships Customer satisfaction and loyalty are some key elements of business success and profitability. The more satisfied the customer, the more loyal the customer and the more Volume:01, Number:04, August-2011 www. theinternationaljournal. org Page 3 durable the relationship. And the longer this lasts, the more profit the company stands to make and the higher the market share. Getting existing customers to provide referrals should be one of the effective ways to add new business [20]. A referral from a customer can often open the gates and allow a salesperson access to previously unreachable prospects. Huntley found that when the quality of relationship is high, customers are more willing to recommend the seller’s offerings to colleagues and they purchase more from the seller [21]. Maintaining high-quality relationships with customers appears to increase their willingness to provide referrals [22]. Customer satisfaction and loyalty are highly correlated [23], but they form two distinct constructs [24]. Customer satisfaction with a bank relationship is a good basis for loyalty [25, 26], although it does not guarantee it, because even satisfied customers switch banks [27]. One important reason for switching is pricing [28, 29]. Hence, banks have launched customer loyalty programmes that provide economic incentives. Although the effectiveness of loyalty programmes has been questioned [30, 31, 32], research has shown that they have a significant, positive impact on customer retention and share of customer purchases [33, 34]. In a similar vein, Reinartz and Kumar suggest that customers can be grouped according to share-of-wallet and profitable lifetime duration, and that each customer group should be targeted with a specific strategy [35]. By adopting such a customer focused strategy, organisations can maximise the lifetime value of each customer by anticipating needs and offering timely solutions [36]. Likewise, according to Hartfeil, ‘Products are not profitable; customers are, and we analysed our customer base, segment by segment, we found that each required a different strategy to maximize its profitability to the bank [37]. For instance, every customer (both business and personal) is assigned to a banker at National Australia Bank Ltd whereby bankers are required to actively manage their portfolios according to volume of business, interest margin spread, fee income, profitability, customer retention, and the acquisition of new customers [38]. While ample literature is available on generic CRM today, hardly any information is forthcoming on the gains from CRM initiatives in the Indian banking sector. There is scarce literature on how the customers respond to the CRM measures adopted by the banks. This research has attempted to study the customer perceptions pertaining to the CRM initiatives adopted by the banks in India. Thus it helps to investigate the front-end effectives of CRM strategies in the banking sector. 4. Research Methodology This is a descriptive study using primary data collected through an experience survey. The data collection instrument used was a 3-part structured questionnaire using a 5-point Likert Scale. Part-1 was pertaining to the relationship building aspect of CRM and it had 19 questions which were framed using the relevant variables identified from literature review. Part-2 focused specifically on the interaction with the customer service representatives. Part-3 was concerned with customer perceptions on complaint handling and his/her behavioural intentions. Necessary demographic details were also collected to serve as categorizing variables. Prior to data collection, a pilot test was conducted to ensure comprehensiveness, clarity and reliability of the questionnaire. The pretesting of the questionnaire was done among 10 customers randomly, resulting in some minor modifications of the wordings of some survey Volume:01, Number:04, August-2011 www. theinternationaljournal. rg Page 4 items. The method used to administer the questionnaire was through a personal interview so as to obtain more accurate, reliable and valid information and to make the respondents at ease by maintaining a social rapport with them. The target population to be sampled was the individual customers of the Indian banking sector. Owing to the need for a relatively large sample size while at the same time keeping the research costs down, the sample size of this study amounted to 150 customers and the quota sampling technique was adopted based on the net profit and market share figure as shown in Table-1 below.

Free Essays on Effective Strategic Management

Effectiveness is about doing the right things. There is no point in acting efficiently if what you are doing will not have the desired effect. A good strategy will blend both efficiency and effectiveness. Effective strategic management lives in an environment of continuous evaluation of performance, which guides adaptation of the strategy to suit changing circumstances. Effective long-term risk management is a vital part of strategic management. For any business looking for an effective strategic management solution, the options are fairly varied, with a range of solutions that are available. Although strategic management is an emerging management philosophy to support the corporations to change their route according to environmental variations, it is not adequate by itself. It should be supported by a strong information system frame. Success of strategic management has a direct relationship with the managers’ habit of tracing the environment and improvement of emp loyers’ creativity and independent acting abilities. So the information system of a company should be transformed within this direction. To create an effective strategic plan an organization must have a realistic vision that creates a motivating environment. The organization should start by convincing the whole organization of their vision, setting high goals, and creating a system for measuring their progress. In combining these techniques, an organization has a more probable chance of achieving their strategic vision. An organization should set their goals as high as possible without being unrealistic. One factor that must be taken into account is where the company desires to be in the future and how that will benefit the customers, the organization, and the employees.... Free Essays on Effective Strategic Management Free Essays on Effective Strategic Management Effectiveness is about doing the right things. There is no point in acting efficiently if what you are doing will not have the desired effect. A good strategy will blend both efficiency and effectiveness. Effective strategic management lives in an environment of continuous evaluation of performance, which guides adaptation of the strategy to suit changing circumstances. Effective long-term risk management is a vital part of strategic management. For any business looking for an effective strategic management solution, the options are fairly varied, with a range of solutions that are available. Although strategic management is an emerging management philosophy to support the corporations to change their route according to environmental variations, it is not adequate by itself. It should be supported by a strong information system frame. Success of strategic management has a direct relationship with the managers’ habit of tracing the environment and improvement of emp loyers’ creativity and independent acting abilities. So the information system of a company should be transformed within this direction. To create an effective strategic plan an organization must have a realistic vision that creates a motivating environment. The organization should start by convincing the whole organization of their vision, setting high goals, and creating a system for measuring their progress. In combining these techniques, an organization has a more probable chance of achieving their strategic vision. An organization should set their goals as high as possible without being unrealistic. One factor that must be taken into account is where the company desires to be in the future and how that will benefit the customers, the organization, and the employees....

Using the Subjunctive Past in German

Using the Subjunctive Past in German Most of the time, teachers and textbooks manage to make the subjunctive mood (der Konjunktiv) more complicated than it needs to be. The subjunctive can be confusing, but it doesnt have to be. Early on, every beginning student of German learns this common Subjunctive II verb form: mà ¶chte (would like), as in Ich mà ¶chte einen Kaffee. (Id like a [cup of] coffee.) This is an illustration of a subjunctive verb form learned as vocabulary. No complicated rules to learn, just an easily memorized vocabulary phrase. Much of the subjunctive can be handled this way, without worrying about complex rules or formulas. Past Subjunctive Why is it, if you ask a native speaker of German to explain the use of the subjunctive, he or she will most likely (a) not know what the subjunctive is, and/or (b) not be able to explain it to you? This, despite the fact that this same German (or Austrian or Swiss) can and does use the subjunctive all the time - and if you had grown up speaking German, you could, too. What Is the Subjunctive II? The past subjunctive is a verb mood used to express uncertainty, doubt, or a contrary-to-reality condition. It is also frequently utilized to reflect politeness and good manners - an excellent reason to know the subjunctive. The subjunctive is not a verb tense; it is a mood that can be used in various tenses. The past subjunctive (another name for the Subjunctive II) gets its name from the fact that its forms are based on the past tense. The Subjunctive I is called the present subjunctive because it is based on the present tense. But dont let those terms confuse you: the subjunctive is not a verb tense. The opposite of the subjunctive is the indicative. Most sentences that we utter - in English or German - indicate a statement of fact, something that is real, as in Ich habe kein Geld. The subjunctive does the opposite. It tells the listener that something is contrary to reality or conditional, as in Htte ich das Geld, wà ¼rde ich nach Europa fahren. (Had I the money, I would travel to Europe.) The implication is clearly, I dont have the money and Im not going to Europe. (indicative). One problem for English-speakers trying to learn the Konjunktiv is that in English the subjunctive has practically died out - only a few vestiges remain. We still say, If I were you, I wouldnt do that. (But Im not you.) It sounds incorrect to say, If I was you... A statement such as If I had the money (I dont expect to have it) is different from When I have the money (its likely I will have it). Both were and had (past tense) are English subjunctive forms in the two examples above. But in German, despite some setbacks, the subjunctive is very much alive and well. Its use is important for conveying the idea of conditional or uncertain situations. This is usually expressed in German by what is known as the Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II), sometimes called the past or imperfect subjunctive - because it is based on the imperfect tense forms of verbs. Now, lets get down to business. What follows is not an attempt to cover all aspects of the Konjunktiv II but rather a review of the more important aspects. Here are some examples of how the Subjunctive II can be used in German. The Konjunktiv II is used in the following situations: As if, contrary to reality (als ob, als wenn, als, wenn)Er gibt Geld aus, als ob er Millionr wre.He spends money as if he were a millionaire.​Request, obligation (being polite!) - usually with modals (i.e., kà ¶nnen, sollen, etc.)Kà ¶nntest du mir dein Buch borgen?Could you lend me your book?​Doubt or uncertainty (often preceded by ob or dass)Wir glauben nicht, dass man diese Prozedur genehmigen wà ¼rde.We dont believe that they would allow this procedure.​Wishes, wishful thinking (usually with intensifying words like nur or doch - and conditional sentences)Htten Sie mich nur angerufen! (wishful)If you had only called me!Wenn ich Zeit htte, wà ¼rde ich ihn besuchen. (conditional)If I had time, Id visit him.​Replacement for Subjunctive I (when the Subjunctive I form and the indictative form are identical)Sie sagten sie htten ihn gesehen.They said they had seen him. The last two lines in the traditional German song, Mein Hut, are subjunctive (conditional): Mein Hut, der hat drei Ecken,Drei Ecken hat mein Hut,Und htt er nicht drei Ecken,dann wr er nicht mein Hut. My hat, it has three corners,Three corners has my hat,And had it not three corners, (if it didnt have...)then were it not my hat. (...wouldnt be my hat)

Most Beautiful Mountain Biking Trails

Most Beautiful Mountain Biking Trails The exciting mountain biking trails in the U.S. can turn any bike ride into an adventure. Many of the biking trails on this list are on the wish list of experienced cyclists from all over the world. From very fast downhill trails that can take your breath away to buttery smooth single-track trails, there is a challenge out there for every cyclist. The San Juan Islands, Washington What will strike you about the biking trails in San Juan Islands, Washington is the wide range of beaches and attractions you can discover along the way. The San Juan Islands welcome cyclists of all levels, which means you do not have to be a pro to enjoy the surprising sceneries these trails have. It can take you about a day to go around the island of San Juan on a trail that is 43 miles long. The amazing parks and beaches along the way may tempt you to spread the trip over a couple of days, though. If you are an experienced cyclist, head to the horseshoe-shaped Orcas Island, often referred to as the gem of the San Juans. The mountain bike trails on the 57 square miles area of the island offer a great mix of high mountains and fabulous shoreline. The trails here can be a challenge for most cyclists and at the same time they can discover some great landscapes that are sure to impress their Facebook followers. Poison Spider Mesa Trail, Moab, Utah The infamous Poison Spider Mesa Trail is not for the faint-hearted, as it will be a struggle to get to the end of it and still feel your legs. Even though cyclists have to share the trail with motorcycles and jeeps, most of the time you will be all by yourself while navigating past the high Wingate sandstone cliffs along the Colorado and higher up onto the Navajo mesa. The views of the La Sal Mountains and Behind the Rocks area make this trail one of the most scenic ones in the U.S. Despite its name, there are no poisonous spiders here, but you are sure to stumble upon some fun rock obstacles on the Poison Spider Mesa Trail. When it comes to the road surface, much of the loop is on Navajo Sandstone, but youll also speed over sandy wash bottom, two blow-sand hills, and rock ledges. Munds Wagon Trail, Sedona, Arizona A former main cattle route North out of town, Munds Wagon is nowadays a trail that closely follows Schnebly Hill Road and Bear Wallow Creek. Cyclists choosing this trail can discover the exciting sensation of riding across a canyon. When you reach the top of the trail, you get access to the Cow Pies and Merry-Go-Round Rock. The Munds Wagon Trail climbs 1100 feet and features lots of mini obstacles that make the ride fun, as well as some fast sections for those who are in for a bit of adrenaline. After the first loose section, the trail smoothes out as it you start going downhill, so you enjoy the scenic views at the fullest. Tahoe Rim Trail, California, Nevada Passing through no less than six counties in California and Nevada, the Tahoe Rim Trail will also take you through three wilderness areas, three national forests, and one state park. A spectacular trail with 165 miles of single-track, the Tahoe Rim Trail goes around all of Lake Tahoe. Overlapping with about 50 miles of the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail, this trail touches other legendary rides as well, including the Flume Trail to the east and Hole in the Ground near Truckee to the northwest. Biking on the Tahoe Rim Trail allows you to discover the carving that goes across a remarkable terrain. The trail is open to riders and hikers as well, but for the most part you will find yourself all alone to make the most of the incredible sceneries. Paradise Royale Trail, California Discover the wilderness of Northern California on the Paradise Royale Trail. Taking you across remote backcountry and bringing a sense of peacefulness with it, the Paradise Royale Trail is a beautiful single track built for mountain biking. Boasting a 14-mile loop, this trail is challenging and mostly suitable for experienced cyclists. The climbs here are tough, so get ready for a tough workout. The trail is located deep in the King Range Mountains and was specifically designed as a mountain bike trail. Starting with a slope and then changing into a hill, the trail is as rewarding as it is beautiful. As you get to the end of the trail, you can enjoy the striking panorama of the Pacific Ocean below.

Reading and Writing Skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reading and Writing Skill - Essay Example The author Jiayan NI wrote all the articles. Analysis of "sense and sensibility" Jane Austin-Question 1 We see two fundamental aims of moral psychology or moral philosophy. Many hold values that they often claim to be sacred. Life in most religions and in many ethical systems hold that "life" is held scared. Tetlocks in 1986 said that concept of value pluralism that "life", can hold a value of pluralism. The world in general, does not allow human beings to hold a single principle as sacred. Instead, "life" is full of difficult choices that demand that we balance one value against another. In the case of" sense and sensibility," Jane Austin shows the value of money over love and love over money (Tetlock, 1986). This considered as a cause and effect analysis. The movie keeps the attention of the audience through the representation of the heroin. Jiayan NI does not explore the moral psychology or moral philosophy of the argument. Analysis of glamour plot "pride and prejudice"-Question 2 This is another classic love story in American Literature by Jane Austin. Psychologists have found that implicit attitudes are a predictor for certain human behaviour. Implicitly there are stereotypes predicted through discrimination against female's job applicants as shown in the Rudman and Boride study done in 1995 (Rudman, 1995). Another study done by Rudman and Glick in 2001 found that study participants who help strongly imply that attitudes connecting women with communal traits are common for the example women being more helpful while men are more agnostic (Rudman, 2001). Researchers have noted a societal shift over the last few decades from old-fashion racism to modern racism. Old fashion racism is explicit and often accompanied by hostility. Implicit attitudes are more likely to occur when decision makers are using implicit attitudes instead of thinking. This also indicates that themes are most often the most explored ideas in literary work. There seems to continue a theme of love, reputation, and class. Motifs in a novel are a literary structure that continues to show up in the writings. Jane Austin shows this in the writing of the courtship between Darcy and Elizabeth and Bingley and Jane. Nearly every scene in the novel takes place indoors. This is significant, the reason that changes the scenes. Austin uses argument and persuasion through-out the read. NI states in the blog that in18th century histories that it was traditional to focus on marrying their children to the rich. We may know this tactic as traditional rhetoric to refer to this piece as means to persuade the reading audience (Sharkey, 2004). Social Journal in-The Sydney Morning Herald-Question 3 Related to society and culture in an Australian newspaper, this article appears in the paper to uncover different viewpoints and issues that appear in our society and the culture. This Analysis's is the presentation of facts as the author Jiayan NI sees them. NI uses a combination of deductive a nd inductive or formal and informal reasoning in the articles that he writes for the paper. Inductive and deductive reasoning gives the reason why he holds a particular view. Ni uses examples to his pieces that logically serve to lead to his paragraphs that contain explanations, comparisons, definitions and descriptions of the subject he is writing about (Sharkey, 2004). Carbon Tax in the Sydney newspaper-Question 4 Reported in the Sydney paper on May 16, 2011, the issue of Carbon Tax seems to be a hot topic. This case of carbon tax as written by NI contains logical fallacies. Fallacy in his case is often a minor one. However, NI assumes this tax will lead to the loss of jobs. Through this assumption, he believes that it will lend

Analysis and talk about the differences between the Chinese cultures Essay

Analysis and talk about the differences between the Chinese cultures and American cultures in The Women Warrior book - Essay Example She gives in to her personal desires only to be shunned by her society because of her illegitimate child. She kills herself and her newborn baby after giving birth in a pigsty. The story of â€Å"No-Name Woman† shows how old Chinese societies were. Indiscretions by women were horrible transgressions that caused people’s lives. The shameful act of a woman was unforgivable as proven by how Kingston’s mother shares the family decided that the aunt never existed. Similarly, in the history of America, women who acted in lust and bore children out of wedlock were looked down on in their villages. Unlike the Chinese though, these American women in ancient times did not take their own lives or their baby’s lives out of shame. Another female that figured in Kingston’s life was another aunt, Moon Orchid. She is the sister of Kingston’s mother. Like â€Å"No Man Woman† her life ended sadly. Left by her husband, Moon Orchid was convinced by Kingston’s mother to follow the husband, who has a new family in America, and claim her place as the rightful wife. Moon Orchid was rejected. Unable to learn the English language, Moon Orchid became crazy and eventually died in a mental asylum. In Chinese culture, it is not uncommon to have a second wife, a trophy wife. The husband must provide for both wives. In America, this is not part of the culture at all which is why divorce is such a big deal. Another difference in culture is how Moon Orchid failed to adapt when in America. In contrast, American women manage in one way or another to adjust to the current situation and survive. Yet another woman mentioned in the book is Fa Mu Lan. A mythical character, Fa Mu Lan is a courageous woman who pretends to be a man, saves her husband, leads an army into overthrowing a bad emperor and kills a horrible baron. In this story, the author depicts Chinese women as brave as well. Although the Chinese of today are still patriarchal, the women have started establishing

Functions of Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Functions of Management Paper - Essay Example The ideology of law enforcement field started sometime during the ancient Greek period where slave-prisoners were being used as guards of the prominent persons in several functions they attend to. The first organized structure of law enforcers started under the rule of King Louis XVI of France which was considered the largest but dangerous city of Europe that time. From then on, the development of the law enforcement organizations started to progress until the modern police organizations were given the blessing of the law to enforce the tenets of the society. For centuries now, there have been many changes in terms of the structure of the law enforcement. Thetford (2001) stated the three major periods of technological evolution: the agricultural, industrial and information period. In terms of law enforcement, progression occurred from the agricultural to the industrial period. However, at the mark of the early information age especially during the year 1987, based on several studies (Law Enforcement News, 1999), there were very minute changes in the structure and organization. Moreover, no change was recorded in terms of centralization and decision-making. Bureaucracy was also a growing tendency of the organization which makes it very procedural and complex. Extreme formality and hierarchy is becoming unhealthy in the said environment. The worldwide hope for a shift in this law enforcement procedures were already increasing. In the study stated by the Law Enforcement News which involved the survey for police organization’s development for a span of some years, it has been found out that during the 1993 until the present, there were significant changes, although still low, regarding the decentralization of decision-making. More than that, emphasis on geographical command and authority is already being manifested. This kind of

Case study of amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study of amazon - Essay Example In the end, Amazon.com aims to run its primary and secondary business operations under these three pillars: selection, price and convenience. Firstly, selection means providing a wider selection of products and services to three customer groups. Secondly, price means maintaining price leadership without sacrificing its product quality. Lastly, convenience means enriching the purchase decision cycle of the three customer groups from making the product selection easier to keeping efficient purchase, payment, and delivery schemes. The key to understanding the external environment of Amazon.com lies on revisiting its three customer groups. Firstly, in serving the consumer customers, Amazon.com serves both as retailer and producer. Secondly, in serving the seller customers, Amazon.com stands as retailer. And lastly, in serving the developer customers, Amazon.com acts as producer. With this, it can be claimed that the presence of Amazon.com in both digital and physical environments makes it susceptible to various macro-environmental forces, which can be observed by using two frameworks: PESTEL and Five Forces Model. Firstly, different political factors continue to influence the business operations of Amazon.com. As such, it can be said that the company does not only need to abide by the rules of honest e-commerce transactions, it must also ensure effective and efficient dealerships with the suppliers of its products and services. However, difficulty arises by the time the applicable cyber laws are considered. Since transactions happen digitally, the adoption of critical laws may or may not be based on the geographical location of the customers. Secondly, economic factors also affect the operations of Amazon.com as they comprise mainly of interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation, and exchange rates. For one, higher

Diabetes , hypoglycemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Diabetes , hypoglycemia - Essay Example Sugar or glucose is then absorbed into the bloodstream to stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, which controls the amount of sugar in the blood and transports the sugar from the blood to the cells (â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus,† 2003). Once inside the cells, the sugar or glucose is then converted into Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), or energy, which is then immediately utilised by the body, or stored for future use. Without insulin, blood sugar levels or blood glucose levels become extremely high due to the fact that it was not transported from the blood to the cells. Because of this, glucose begins to overflow into the urine since the kidney tubules cannot reabsorb it fast enough. Water is then flushed out of the system along with glucose, resulting to dehydration. (Marieb, 2004) Because insulin production is either inhibited or impaired, glucose stays in the blood, and thus cannot be converted into energy. Cells break down fats and protein instead of glucose to meet its energy requirements (Marieb, 2004). This can lead to a series of complications. Since fats are broken down for energy instead of glucose, ketones may form in the blood as it has become very acidic; hence, ketoacidosis may arise. Apart from this, since protein is also utilised as an energy source, the body’s defense mechanisms become weak, and there is loss of weight and muscle tone. The three cardinal signs of Diabetes Mellitus to be watched out for are the three polys. First is polyuria, which is excessive urination. This arises because, as mentioned above, the excessive amount of glucose is flushed out of the system, along with ketones. Second is polydipsia, which is extreme thirst due to dehydration from excessive water flushing, and last is polyphagia or excessive hunger resulting from the inability of the cells

Linguistic features that distinguish regional and social varieties of Essay

Linguistic features that distinguish regional and social varieties of English - Essay Example These variations constitute the dialects of the people. Many factors have influenced to develop a standard form of language in all major speech communities. These in turn have been used as the official dialects of the communities. (The Columbia electronic encyclopedia,2006) The official dialect usually differs from the day to day language, it has some "officiality" in it which would contain certain standards of grammar, pronunciations etc. The standard English of England is derived from London English. A person is marked as cultivated in the United states which entails usage of standard grammar and pronunciation. Also the degree of politeness of a person is judged by the efficiency with which he or she speaks the standard language. Sometimes ordinary speech can be affected by the standard language. Hence some usages would tend to be incorrect such as "you was" in place of "you were" etc. Similarly "gotten" is accepted in United States but not in England. Similarly "Gotten" is accepted by the United States but not in England. Also the standard of linguistic variations are mainly because of vocabulary. Language changes have traditionally been treated as processes constrained by internal linguistic factors. According to this view, language contacts have b een perceived as disturbing factors. Therefore, explaining language change requires new analytical ways of modelling contact, in which both internal and external factors are closely investigated. Studying language-internal processes requires a fundamental knowledge of sociolinguistic, textual and regional factors, since all variation-based analytical and explanatory models of language change rely on the idea of a combined effect of all factors. Another important insight is to be able to connect the latest language changes with historical ones. Hence, the concept of grammaticalization offers a productive starting point for analyses of language changes that span several hundred years. Linguistics Linguistics is the study of language on a scientific basis. Linguistics can be theoretical and applied. Linguistics compares languages (comparative linguistics) and explores their histories, in order to find universal properties of language and to account for its development and origins (historical linguistics). Slightly separate from general linguistics are the sub-fields of phonology, which studies the role of sounds in particular languages, and phonetics, the study of how sounds are produced and perceived. Linguistics are widely used to understand the variations of languages. Regional variation in English Everyone speaks some form of regional dialect a variety of a language that differs in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary from those spoken in other regions. In this sense, a region implies a construct of social and historical facts as well as a geographic area. The shared linguistic features that make up a regional dialect include historical facts of migration and community experience, social facts of ethnic identity, and geographic facts of climate and terrain. Each regional dialect also includes a number of social dialects that reflect the age, education, social class, and ethnic identity of its speakers. In England various dialects are spoken region wise like Scottish gaelic , Irish

Diabetes , hypoglycemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Diabetes , hypoglycemia - Essay Example Sugar or glucose is then absorbed into the bloodstream to stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, which controls the amount of sugar in the blood and transports the sugar from the blood to the cells (â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus,† 2003). Once inside the cells, the sugar or glucose is then converted into Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), or energy, which is then immediately utilised by the body, or stored for future use. Without insulin, blood sugar levels or blood glucose levels become extremely high due to the fact that it was not transported from the blood to the cells. Because of this, glucose begins to overflow into the urine since the kidney tubules cannot reabsorb it fast enough. Water is then flushed out of the system along with glucose, resulting to dehydration. (Marieb, 2004) Because insulin production is either inhibited or impaired, glucose stays in the blood, and thus cannot be converted into energy. Cells break down fats and protein instead of glucose to meet its energy requirements (Marieb, 2004). This can lead to a series of complications. Since fats are broken down for energy instead of glucose, ketones may form in the blood as it has become very acidic; hence, ketoacidosis may arise. Apart from this, since protein is also utilised as an energy source, the body’s defense mechanisms become weak, and there is loss of weight and muscle tone. The three cardinal signs of Diabetes Mellitus to be watched out for are the three polys. First is polyuria, which is excessive urination. This arises because, as mentioned above, the excessive amount of glucose is flushed out of the system, along with ketones. Second is polydipsia, which is extreme thirst due to dehydration from excessive water flushing, and last is polyphagia or excessive hunger resulting from the inability of the cells

Banning the Guns Essay Example for Free

Banning the Guns Essay Banning guns on campus Concealed carry vs. colleges is a story about don’t allow guns in campus. The gun control and gun rights is becoming a more and more popular topic after few gun shooting tragedies happened in schools, people are starting to worry about the security in schools. This story is part of editorials and debates in USA TODAY, and this story is published on September 27, 2012. There is no exactly author’s name in the story. In the beginning, the story has an introduction about students in Colorado are allowed to carry guns about anywhere after summer break because in 2008 ,public colleges can no longer ban guns on campus in Colorado. Then the author writes some opposing views about allowing concealed-carry on campus, and tells people it is dangerous that allow students carry guns in campus. In the story, the author effectively and persuasively employs the rhetorical appeals of ethos and pathos to support author’s point which is universities should allow banning the firearms. This article is written by an author without name in USA TODAY, because this article has obvious political tendency, the author may don’t want other people know his political thoughts, so that’s why author didn’t put his name in the article. USA TODAY newspaper is one of the biggest newspapers in USA, and this newspaper doesn’t have particular audience, it faces to many different people all over the world, so this newspaper has very big influence and it is very convinced, the author chooses this newspaper to publish his article is a very good idea. The intended audiences for this article are teachers and stu dents in universities; people who support gun control and most of them are mid-age and educated people. The purpose for this article is telling people that it is dangerous that allow students carry guns in campus, universities should ban the firearms and give some advises to people on how to stop gun shootings in campus. The author’s article effectively provide ethos by using the historical reference and relating to audience’s thinking of ban carrying guns in campus. According to the article â€Å"Massacre at Virginia Tech in 2007, when a deranged student killed 32 people in a matter of minutes. Pro-gun groups insist that an armed student or professor might have saved the day. But that notion is as far-fetched as it is alluring.†(Editorial) The author uses a historical reference of the Massacre at Virginia Tech as his ethos to tell audience that professors and students cannot stop the shooting happened  in campus. Many people believe that armed students or professor might have saved the day. But actually, students and professors in Virginia Tech didn’t stop the shooting in the school. Students or professors, they are not professional security who can keep the safety in school. So it is not necessary for students or professors to carry guns in the campus. On the other side, if students carry guns on campus and the shooting really happens in the school, then they try to use guns to protect themselves, it will become more risky. The author claims â€Å"In New York City this summer, when police shot and killed a gunman on the street near the Empire State Building, they also wounded nine innocent bystanders. Imagine what might happen with armed amateurs firing away in a darkened theater, or a barroom brawl.†(Editorial) The author uses another historical reference to remind audience that it is very risky for untrained students to carry and even shot guns to protect themselves, it may cause more injuries and deaths, because students or professors are not good at s hooting, so if they try to shot, it may hurt innocent people. Even well trained polices would wound innocent bystanders. It must be very dangerous when students have guns even they just want to protect themselves. In addition, the author also provides some suggestions to stop the gun shooting in schools by using ethos to advice people how to avoid dangerous people to get guns. The author mentions â€Å"Background checks are designed to keep the mentally ill, like the Virginia Tech shooter, from buying guns, but many states are lax in reporting mental health records to the federal system†. (Editorial) The author suggests the background checks are necessary, because most of the shooters are mentally ill people, so if those people cannot get guns they couldn’t kill students in schools any more. But because many states are lax in reporting mental health records, so those mental ill people can get guns very easily, they could kill students by guns in just few minutes. So the author suggests that the mental ill reports are very important, it is a good way to stop the gun shootings in school. The other advice is training gun owners about how to use guns correctly and safely. The author argues â€Å"In many states, including Colorado, a gun permit and a single training course, often lasting a day or less, are all you need to legally carry a concealed weapon. Many courses dont include live firing.† (Editorial) The author wants every states have a strict gun training courses. In some states, people just need  only take a day or less, it is not enough for a gun o wner to understand and practice how to use the gun in a right and safe way. Many courses even don’t include live firing, it means many people don’t know how to fire the gun since they get gun permit. The author is very worrying about this kind of situation, people cannot use guns in a correct may not protect themselves and even make a big tragedy. Lastly, the author’s article succeeded in employing the rhetorical appeal of pathos to catch audiences’ emotion, and show the intense stage on banning guns on campus. According to the lecture, Colorado, of course, was home to this years Aurora theater shooting and the 1999 Columbine High School massacre. It doesnt need any more tragedies. Some Colorado professors and students, upset by guns on campus, are pushing for a new law to bring back the ban.† (Editorial)The author’s success in grabbing her audience’s emotion is the use of powerful words. Colorado doesn’t need any more tragedies, it shows that the most of the people in Colorado hate the gun shootings, and they will try their best to stop tragedies in Colorado. This also can have strong emotional effect on people in other states to support the gun control policy. The word like pushing shows how the people in Colorado want the new law which brings back the ban guns as soon as possible. This can also press more people to think about the gun control. The argument between gun control and gun right is becoming more and more drastically. The people in United States start to think about this argument after few gun shootings in schools because they don’t want to see tragedy any more. The author presents his ideas very well in the article and his ideas seems have powerful persuasion for audience. Author’s ideas push people to think more about whether universities should allow banning the firearms. His rhetorical appeals of ethos have powerful historical references to persuade people and achieve his goal in the article which is banning the firearms in campus, and the author also provides some suggestions to stop the gun shootings in schools by advising people how to avoid dangerous people to get guns very easily in United States. Finally, the author’s rhetorical appeals of pathos grab people’s emotion by using powerful and strong words. This article is strongly presents author’s thought which is gun control is very necessary, because this can save many people’s life. Work Cited â€Å"Editorial: Concealed carry vs. colleges.† Editorial. USA TODAY 27 Sept. 2012. Print.

Impact of Beliefs on Learning | Essay

Impact of Beliefs on Learning | Essay CPPD Introduction Reflection has become a fundamental component of professional development of teachers and lecturers in the Further Education (FE) and Higher Education (HE) sector (Harkin, 2005). The lifelong learning sector can be seen to transcend both these paradigms and contexts of post-compulsory learning. This essay addresses some key elements of reflecting upon the experience of a teacher in Beauty Therapy within the lifelong learning sector, addressing the intersection between the personal and experiential and the theoretical/pedagogical aspects of the role and its function. Teaching roles and context within the lifelong learning sector Teaching roles within the lifelong learning sector seem to be related to the kind of teaching, the kind of subject, and the kind of learner (Zukas, 2006), a three-way relationship which I have observed to be perhaps more negotiated upon a day to day basis than founded in one single pedagogical theory or framework. It is notable that within the lifelong learning sector, there seems to be a crossover between the vocational type of education, and more traditional ‘teaching’, and in particular, these roles of ‘teachers’ are very much based on how best to meet student needs. Therefore, it seems that one element of the teaching role within this context is related to learning ‘on the job’ or learning through doing (Eraut, 2004), and the ‘becoming’ element of the process of ‘becoming’ a teacher in this context is a response to the demands of the job, rather than a formal process which prepares you to carry out the role. While t his might run against the theories of pedagogy, being a much more personal take on what the teaching role is, it is based on perceptions of professional identity as well as an understanding of dominant concepts of the role in a formal sense (Beckett and Gough, 2004). Austerlitz and James (2008) describe the emotional journeys that students go through in further education as a process of cognition through which emotions help students to appraise situations and develop knowledge and understanding. This may be an important perspective to consider within the lifelong learning sector, because of the range of types of students and types of subjects that are prevalent within this sector. There is no single student demographic, no single approach to pedagogy, no one-size-fits-all model of teaching and learning. Bathmaker and Avis (2005) carried out research into professional identity formation amongst trainee FE lecturers, and found that â€Å"rather than identifying effective processes of increasing participation in existing communities of practice, a strong sense of marginalisation and alienation amongst trainees was observed† (p 47). Bathmaker and Avis (2005) suggest that this lack of engagement in communities of practice is â€Å"detrimental both to trainees and experienced lecturers if they are to actively engage in building new forms of professionalism for the future† (p 47). I would draw from this the concept that formal training processes do not necessarily pos itively contribute to role formation, definition and professional identity, and that learning is much more experiential and interactive. Hagger et al (2008) support this view, and suggest that experiential learning dominates learning of this type. Own teaching role and context within the lifelong learning sector My own teaching role is to teach and support students to learn on two levels. The first is to learn the practical skills and abilities of the beauty therapy industry, so that they can become capable, effective practitioners. Beauty therapy is no ‘soft option’. In fact, there is a great deal of precision, dexterity and deeper learning involved in acquiring the skills to function as a therapist. The second element of the learning is for students to develop knowledge and understanding of the body, of health, of individuals and their holistic wellbeing, in order to contextualise the activities that they carry out within their roles, and to be able to provide suitable treatments, therapies and the like to appropriate clients. The third element of the role is to support students to develop the communication and interaction skills necessary to be able to bring together knowledge and practical skill into their own ‘professional role’ and identity, and work effective ly as a therapist within a team. My role within this setting is to ‘teach’, but also to facilitate learning, raise difficult issues, support students to resolve complex questions, and act as a role model. Part of my role is to assess practical activities, and then provide feedback so that students can learn from their experiences and learn to improve their own practice through reflection and evaluation (Edwards and Nicoll, 2006; Solomon et al, 2006). My role also involves becoming more aware of the impact of my role on the students, and attempt to be as good a ‘teacher’ as I can be. More and more, however, my role involves other activities, including administration, engaging in marketing and recruitment activities, and looking for new topics and curriculum developments (Chivers, 2006). Impact of own beliefs, assumptions and behaviours on learners and others My own beliefs about learning affect not only the learners who I interact with, but also their interactions with others, particularly clients. I believe that my own actions, reflections, and the way I respond to emergent situations within the teaching context are likely to affect the students and how they learn as much as the formal, planned learning activities I provide for them. It is through reflection on my actions as a teacher that I have realised that reflection itself becomes a reflexive process, which changes the way I behave and react to students, which then changes their responses to me. Austerlitz and James (2008) have developed a model which describes and captures PPD statements which are used in the further and higher education sectors (see Figure 1). Figure 1 PPD Model (after Austerlitz and James, 2008). This model encompasses many of my own beliefs about the ways in which students interact with their learning processes, and in particular, how they respond to my teaching and learning activities. Every aspect of learning must have an emotional element, and to exclude this from pedgagogical processes and theories is to overlook important aspects of how students learn and how they behave when applying that learning. Yet there is some evidence that current perceptions of teaching roles within the FE sector are also changing (Thompson and Robinson, 2008). I believe that the Austerlitz and James (2008) model could provide a means by which students could themselves identify the emotional elements of their learning and address this, through reflection, in proactive ways. Impact of own professional, personal and interpersonal skills, including literacy, numeracy and ICT skills on learners and others. I have used a range of teaching approaches, including some innovative use of ICTs, including using ICTs to make posters and mind maps, to encourage the application of new knowledge and exploration of complex situations. These have had a positive effect on some students who relate well to ICTs, particularly younger students, and have also helped students who are more visual learners. However, in relation to professionalism, I think it is my professional skills and experience which have positively impacted on students’ development of awareness and understanding of the complex interactions between beauty therapist and client. The current social construction of beauty, particularly in relation to ageing, raises issues about client experiences and emotional/psychological wellbeing (Paulson, 2008; Radley, 2000). Students need to understand the emotions and thoughts which underlie the desire that women have for the different kinds of beauty therapies, and be able to interact in a cre dible way with clients and meet their requests in appropriate ways. My own professionalism helps this because I set a good example, exemplify proper interactions, and support students to address often challenging issues such as intimacy, privacy, body-image and the like. Conclusion Overall, the most important aspect of my role as an educator is as a role model, and not simply as a role model of good communications behaviours or good practical skills, but as a questioning, reflective, responsibly practitioner, who sees clients as individuals, not just in relation to their treatments. It is important not to simply perpetuate traditional ways of working, but to question practice and the self in the professional context, and by acting as a reflective practitioner myself, I can encourage my students to develop similar skills and perhaps become better professionals because of it. References Austerlitz, N. and James, A. (2008) Reflections on emotional journeys: a new perspective for reading fashion students’ PPD statements. Art, Design and Communication in Higher Education 6 (3) 209 – 219. Chivers, G. (2006) The work roles and development needs of vocational lifelong learning professionals in British higher education. Journal of European Industrial Training 30 (3) 166-187. Zukas, M. (2006) Pedagogic learning in the pedagogic workplace: educators’ lifelong learning and learning futures. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning 2 (3) 71-80.

Marlows Catharsis in Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Marlow's Catharsis in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚   Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness, relies on the historical period of imperialism in order to describe its protagonist, Charlie Marlow, and his struggle. Marlow's catharsis in the novel, as he goes to the Congo, rests on how he visualizes the effects of imperialism. This paper will analyze Marlow's "change," as caused by his exposure to the imperialistic nature of the historical period in which he lived. Marlow is asked by "the company", the organization for whom he works, to travel to the Congo river and report back to them about Mr. Kurtz, a top notch officer of theirs. When he sets sail, he doesn't know what to expect. When his journey is completed, this little "trip" will have changed Marlow forever! Heart of Darkness is a story of one man's journey through the African Congo and the "enlightenment" of his soul. It begins with Charlie Marlow, along with a few of his comrades, cruising aboard the Nellie, a traditional sailboat. On the boat, Marlow begins to tell of his experiences in the Congo. Conrad uses Marlow to reveal all the personal thoughts and emotions that he wants to portray while Marlow goes on this "voyage of a lifetime". Marlow begins his voyage as an ordinary English sailor who is traveling to the African Congo on a "business trip". He is an Englishmen through and through. He's never been exposed to any alternative form of culture, similar to the one he will encounter in Africa, and he has no idea about the drastically different culture that exists out there. Throughout the book, Conrad, via Marlow's observations, reveals to the reader the naive mentality shared by every European. Marlow as well, shares this naivetà © in the beginning of his voyage. However, after his first few moments in the Congo, he realizes the ignorance he and all his comrades possess. We first recognize the general naivetà © of the Europeans when Marlow's aunt is seeing him for the last time before he embarks on his journey. Marlow's aunt is under the assumption that the voyage is a mission to "wean those ignorant millions from their horrid ways"(18-19). In reality, however, the Europeans are there in the name of imperialism and their sole objective is to earn a substantial profit by collecting all the ivory in Africa. Another manifestation of the Europeans obliviousness towards reality is seen when Marlow is recounting his adventure aboard the Nellie.

Essay --

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is an analgesic medication. Its overdose occurs when someone accidently or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication. Acetaminophen overdose is one of the common poisonings worldwide. If this poisoning occurs, need to call local emergency number (911) or poison control center. Acute acetaminophen overdose is defined as an ingestion of toxic amount of acetaminophen occurring within a period of eight hours or less. In adults acetaminophen toxicity occurs following ingestion of greater than 7.5-10gms over a period of eight hours or less. Chronic acetaminophen overdose occurs following ingestion of toxic amount over a period greater than eight hours. The mechanism of liver injury is related to the fact that small amounts of acetaminophen are converted to a toxic metabolite. The toxic metabolite binds with liver proteins to cause cellular injury. The amount of toxic metabolite produced and the ability of the liver to remove this metabolite before it binds to liver protein influence the extent of liver injury. Pathophysiology: Oral acetaminophen is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestines. The serum drug concentration peaks 1-2 hours once after ingestion. Peak plasma level occurs within 4 hours of post ingestion of over dose of an immediate release preparation. Therapeutic levels are 5-20 Â µg/ml. Acetaminophen primarily metabolized by liver to non toxic, water soluble form that is eliminated in the urine. Overdose leads to formation of hepatotoxic reactive metabolite causes an ensuring cascade of oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. This subsequent inflammatory response propagates hepatocellular injury and death. Similar enzymatic reaction occurs i... ...dressed some recommendations to acetaminophen based medications, are safe daily dose for healthy individuals, patients with chronic renal failure, patients who concurrently drink alcohol and appropriate dose needed to be efficacy. It also imposed package size restrictions. Prevention: People supposed to take some steps to avoid acetaminophen overdose. Always securely close the acetaminophen containers and use child proof bottles. Keep all the medication out of the reach of children. Know the correct dose and amount of drug before administration. Never mix the both medications if those contain the acetaminophen. Keep all the medications away from the family member who are being showed suicidal ideations and seek medical attention immediately. Patient should not be taken acetaminophen if he has consumed three alcoholic beverages per day as it leads to hepatotoxicity.

Indegenous People Native Tile

Native title is a concept in the Australian law. It is a type of continuous ownership of land by local indigenous Australian. However native title can be combined with non-indigenous proprietary rights. Common law and aboriginal law develop this concept In case of any discrepancy between Australian law and customary aboriginal law, the non-indigenous rights will generally prevail. Native title is a land title and it was recognized in Australia during 1992 by the High Court in the Mabo decision. The native title linked with groups of people whom traditional connections between the lands, waters among the aboriginal people.The native title rights recognized under Australian law. The native titleholders protected to get compensation if governments acquire their land or waters for future developments. The native title is different from land rights. Native title is available to Aboriginal groups with traditional ties to land. Hence people who have always lived in the same area can claim n ative title. The native title is recognized by Commonwealth legislation. On 1st September 1995, the Bardi and jawi people of Dumpier Peninsula and islands of Buccaneer Archipelago filed an application for a native title determination.After registration and public notification more than 155 persons were joined as parties to the application. At last the claim was made on behalf of the Bardi and Jawi people. The applicants i. e. Bardi-Jawi people sought a native title determination in regard to land, waters, water courses, reefs, seas and seabed in the Northern Dampier and Kind Sound Regions of Western Kimberley-Lombadina and One Arm Point, Western Australia. The claim of native title rights and interest which includes rights to the possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the areas.Besides it protection of cultural knowledge also claimed. The main opponent Western Australian Fishing Industry Council and Telstra were opposed the application. Federal Court Judge Robert French had gi ven a judgment in favor of a native tile application by the Bardi and Jawi people. Their claim is at about 1,037-sq. km area of land at the northern end of Dampier Peninsula. This land surrounded by areas of sea to a three nautical mile boundary comprising Aboriginal reserves and unallocated crown land with many of the 900-strong community living on or near the area.The judge also ruled that the Bardi and Jawi people had exclusive rights to the whole of the mainland they had claimed, as well as right to hunt turtle and dugong in waters in the area and to take pearl shell for cultural purposes, which includes the following rights based on the Sec. 225 Native Title Act indicates the rights and interests. The rights include use and enjoyment rights and these are not limited to the following rights § 1. The right to live on the land 2. The rights to access move about on and use the land and waters 3. The right to hunt and gather on the land and waters4. The right to engage in spiritua l and cultural activities on the land and waters 5. The right to access, use and take any of the resources of the land (including ochre) for food, shelter, medicine, fishing and trapping fish, weapons for hunting, cultural, religious, spiritual, ceremonial, artistic and communal purposes 6. Right to refuse, regulate and control the use and enjoyment by others of the land its resources, 7. The right to have access to and use the water of land for personal, domestic, social, cultural, religious, spiritual, ceremonial and communal purposes.In relation to the offshore waters, the rights were limited to non-exclusive rights of access and use of the areas resources. These rights are exercisable in accordance with the traditional laws and customs of the native titleholders and the laws of the State and Commonwealth. However these are subject to the certain other rights and interest such as 1. Use and Benefit of Aborigines 2. Fishing and aquaculture licenses 3. The interest of Telstra Corpo ration Limited 4. Public right to fish and navigate in tidal waters 5.International right of innocent passage The exclusive native title rights cannot be granted in relation to any flowing or underground waters and the taking of resources cannot be done for commercial purposes. Not only the bardi – jawi people or any other persons can be used. LEGAL The Native Title Act, 1993 §, which was in force from 1st January 1994. In order to provide native title rights, the Act was established. The Australia’s legal and parliamentary systems required providing such native rights to the persons in order to enable economic activity.It was forced by the decision of High court in the case of Mabo Vs. State Queens µ land. The determination of native title in a particular area, land or water depends upon the group of persons and their interests. The offshore place means the water within the limits of the State only. BLUE REEF With regard to the Brue Reef, the evidence established its importance in the mythology or cosmology of the applicants, it did not establish that the law devolved rights in relations to land or waters as a result.This leaves the claimant group unable to protect an important spiritual site. Here the judge has placed undue weight on activity-based use-rights of members of the group and thereby discounting the importance of indigenous forms connection to land. Instead more importance to be given the indigenous rights. In the case of Sampi Vs State of Western Australia. The part of Brue Reef, which lies within 12 nautical mile limit. There was no basis disclosed on the evidence of native title rights in Brue Reef and hence the Bardi/Jawi claim was dismissed.The rights and interest claimed that includes access and use and enjoyment of the reef, and it cannot be as an exclusive right. The Blue Reef also comes under non-exclusive right.  § NON-EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS Non-exclusive rights also proposed to be recognized over the inter tidal zones and associated reefs and areas of water. With regard to the Blue Reef area though it may be evidently noticed the use as traditional and occasional visit and it may be religious significance, the exclusive right to use the persons only cannot be issued. However they can go as usual beside all other like people will go.Mere visiting to the places does not confer any privilege to get the exclusive right only particular people should go which attraction of non-violence of international treaties. It was linked with the claim, which was made by the Bardi-Jawi people previously. The rejection of claim will not be amounted to the exploitation of the Bardi-Jawi people. Hence the claim of Bardi-Jawi people with regard to the Blue Reef cannot be entertained which was linked with more than 12 nautical miles of the water. The non-exclusive possession native title rights exist to the Bardi Jawi people.With this they have the right to access, hunt dugong and turtle, and take resources for food, relig ious, spiritual, cultural, ceremonial and communal purposes. It includes used pearl shell for ceremonial purposes in accordance with the traditional laws and customs. EXCUSIVE RIGHTS The rights over land include the right to live on the land, right to access, move about and use the land, the right to hunt and gather, the right to engage in spiritual and cultural activities, the right to use resources including food and ochre and the right to refuse, regulate and control the use of the land by the others.The rights over areas of water include the right to use and enjoy the reefs and associated water, the right to hunt and gather, including for dugong and turtle and the right to use the resources for food, trapping fish, religious, cultural and ceremonial purposes. Their basic claim was registered in the case lies only with three nautical mile limit back to the commencement point. The claim of Bardi Jawi people first lodged in 1995. Before the claim went to trial and later amended the area from 12 nautical miles offshore to three nautical miles.Hence the claim again cannot be entertained, which was already decided with the three nautical miles of the water. ADVISE TO THE COUNSEL Based on the above, it is identified the following suggestions for which counsel may not entertain the Bardi-Jawi arguments. 1. The claim of Bardi-Jawi people for extension of 12 nautical lines cannot be entertained since they have claimed earlier for three nautical miles only. Once the decision was made cannot be reopened in the same issue. If it is accepted again they will raise for another. 2.With regard to the Blue Reef, which extends beyond sixteen nautical miles from the coast cannot be entertained. Traditional custom is not exclusive right for which every other person can also go. Though it is evidenced by several years that Bardi-Jawi people are using and going for religious significance, exclusive right rights cannot be permitted. 3. The native title right cannot be recognized o n the sea beyond 12 nautical miles, which attract the violation international treaties. The distinction between the existence of native title under traditional law and custom and its recognition by the common law was made in Fejo Vs.Northern Territory, 1998.  µ 4. Those rights and interests will be continued in spite of non- recognition by the common law may be taken into account in the definition of the connection with land and waters, which indigenous people may have by virtue of their traditional laws and customs. 5. The Bardi-Jawi also granted previously non-exclusive rights, which they have been protected sufficient and they can go for the Blue Reef as usual, but it is not exclusive right. 6. The State government power is on nautical miles only up to 3.Hence Bardi-Jawi claim beyond 12 nautical miles cannot be entertained under any stage. Australian Fishing Industry Council and Commonwealth Government will exercise the rights. The commonwealth government has concurrent jurisdi ction with the State in the claim jurisdiction with the three nautical mile limit to the 12 nautical mile limit. The commonwealth has sole jurisdiction beyond the 12 nautical mile limit around Brue Reef. The claimants made a petition for claiming a native title of the land, which is surrounded by an area of sea to a three nautical mile boundary only.Hence more than the claim not permitted for extension beyond three nautical miles still they go for appeals again and again.  § 7. The State government can grant up to three nautical miles since it recognized the role of owners i. e. Bardi-Jawi who have right to exclusive possession of the land, fishing rights up to three nautical mile limit and the right to hunt turtle and dugong and the right to take resources from Brue Reef. CONCLUSION While taking the decision in connection with bardi-jawi, the following must be noticed by the decision makers.In the Australia, the native tile to land has been established by taking the sources of tr aditional laws and customs of indigenous peoples. The principles of international law linked with the decisions taken in connection with native tile to land. The native law has been developed and justified in the Australia based on different colonial histories and styles of the community were acknowledged. * REFERENCES Appendices, http://www. nntt. gov. au/publications/AR_20052006/appendices. asp? PrintContent=True Australian Constitution Act, http://www. austlii. edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/ Claimants celebrate native title decision, 2005, http://www. theage. com. au/news/national/claimants-celebrate-native-title-decision/2005/06/10/1118347602071. html Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nta1993147/s4. html Focus: Native Title – September 2005, http://www. aar. com. au/pubs/nat/fontsep05. htm Frequently Asked questions, http://www. nativetitle. wa. gov. au/about_FAQs. aspx International Law, http://www. ohchr. org/ english/law/index. htm Native Title Act, 1993, http://www. austlii. edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nta1993147/ Office of Native Title, State Government agency, Western Australia, http://www. nativetitle. wa. gov. au/ Racial Discrimination Act, 1975, http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/rda1975202/ Sampi v State of Western Australia (No 3) [2005] FCA 1716, http://www. atns. net. au/agreement. asp? EntityID=3203 http://www. ministers. wa. gov. au/ripper/docs/speeches/bardiprogress. pdf http://www. aph. gov. au/Senate/committee/ntlf_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/nat_nattitle_trib/report/report. pdf http://ntru. aiatsis. gov. au/ntpapers/ip04v3. pdf