Biblical Worldview Essay

The foundation to the Christian faith is the belief that mankind is created in the image of God. But what does the image of God look like? Mankind has debated for years on what Jesus looked like, whether he was white in pigment or black. I feel that me believing mankind was created in the image of affects the way I interact with people tremendously. Believing in mankind believes in life, which is essentially synonymous with the word heart. Since mankind was created in the image of God, my job as a United States Sailor is to protect life, which in the bible is referred to as heart. By protecting and defending my country I am walking in the image god created. â€Å"And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you. And I will remove the heart of stone from your flesh and give you a heart of flesh. â€Å"(Ezekiel 36:26) A new spirit I will put within you is telling me by protecting mankind from evil its allowing someone to receive the new spirit. Removing the hea rt of stone from your flesh and give you a heart of flesh, is blessing someone with a second chance a life. Heart refers to life, as well as spirit. Joining the military gave me a new heart and spirit and god helped me understand why I needed to enlisted and serve my country. My country is god’s creation and if I believe that mankind is created in the image of god I will allow him to give me a new heart and spirit. With my new heart and spirit I will be able to help others and help them to see how they were created in the image of god because they are living proof. God has given them life and as a sailor it’s my duty to protect their life. Understanding the meaning of mankind was created in the image of god will help in your everyday life. â€Å"Create in me a clean heart, O God, and renew a right spirit within me.† (Psalm 51:10) Since we all were created in the image of god we were created with a clean heart and once we accept that we are the image of god we will all be renewed a right spirit within us. I think this passage is relevant to being created in the image of god and life. As a Christian once you have accepted god as your savior and understand the meaning of it, you will have a clean heart and renewed spirit which will give you life. As a sailor I’ve struggled with understanding how everyone who enlisted in the military is created in the image of god until I looke d around and saw just a uniform and not what anyone looked like. Whether a sailor was white, Asian, Mexican, Black, or mixed we were all the same because we all were given life and the opportunity to accept god as our savior. Also we go to church on the ship and realize there we are all created in the image of god and we exemplify that in our day to day lives when we have general quarters and are protecting each other from them enemy. Part of being made in God’s image is that all mankind has the capacity to make free choices. â€Å"Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make straight your paths.†(Proverbs 3:5-6) If you trust in the lord with all your heart you are making a free choice. You are choosing to live; you are choosing to acknowledge him and once you do that God will make your walk with god easier. Before I joined the military I did not trust in the lord with all my heart, which means my life. Until I got in a bad accident in 2008 and al most died and had to hear from the police that I should of died and there had to be an angel with me; I then realized I need to trust in the lord with all my heart and not lean on my own understand of what I thought god was. This passage from proverbs is my life. In order for me to fully understand all mankind, which means me, is created in the image of god I needed to accept that and trust in the Lord. This belief affects the way I interact with people within my chosen vocation, life, which is essentially synonymous with the word heart. †According to the Bible, the heart is the center not only of spiritual activity, but of all the operations of human life.† â€Å"Heart† and â€Å"soul† are often used interchangeably (Deuteronomy 6:5; 26:16; Compare Matthew 22:37; Mark 12:30 Mark 12:33), but this is not generally the case.† Heart in the Bible is the inner life that one lives before God and himself. Understanding that with every action you take in life you will interact with people differently. You would respect them knowing that every human being was created in the image of god and given life just like you. Also I treat people how I want to be treated and not to judge some one. This is a conscious choice that I make because I understand that mankind is the image of god and not just in a physical aspect. We have been given hearts, which in the bible refers to the mind. However, if you did not have life you would not have a mind, and if you were not created in the image of god you would not exists. Refrences: http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/eastons-bible-dictionary/heart.html M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by Thomas Nelson, 1897. Public Domain, copy freely.

Scholarly Writing Awareness

While the paragraph focuses on the social reaction towards the development and evolution of computers through the years, the reader can immediately notice in the introductory sentence that the author of the paragraph does not provide scholarly research to support the presumptive claim that there is the â€Å"widespread availability of the personal computer. † Had the author indicated a recognized research or study on the widespread availability of the personal computer, the claim that such a widespread phenomenon has been â€Å"one of the greatest breakthroughs in the past 50 years† could have easily been upheld. Further, substantiating the claim that such a widespread phenomenon has been a breakthrough would have also played a contributing role to the latter arguments stated in the paragraph. The second sentence in the paragraph indicates that the personal computer is a â€Å"powerful learning tool† because of two primary stated reasons: one is its revolutionizing influence on commerce and education, and; two is its effect on â€Å"the very way everyone conducts his or her daily lives. While it is good to indicate the reasons behind qualifying the personal computer as a powerful learning tool, the author failed to take note of the other influencing ‘side’ of the personal computer, which is that the use of it has also already turned into an addiction to some people that it has altered their ways of dealing with other people. The exposition of the other ‘side’ of personal computers is important so as to avoid bias in writing an essay with a scholarly voice. Inasmuch as it balances the pros and the cons pertaining to personal computers, providing a view of both negative and positive influences of these tools is equally significant as it gives the reader a broader understanding of the issue at hand. Moreover, the third sentence of the paragraph shows the hasty generalization of the author by denying the fact that there still remain significant debates surrounding the â€Å"digital divide between those who could afford computers and those who could not. By neglecting that fact, the author then proceeds to assert the claim that â€Å"poor people can now save enough to buy their families a computer for home and school use. † In writing scholarly papers, one should avoid using opinion as a premise or evidence for further arguments as it weakens the very arguments of the author. The opinion that there is almost no more â€Å"digital divide† is not enough to stand as a factual evidence and to support the claim that less fortunate individuals can now actually â€Å"save enough† money for them to be able to purchase personal computers. If the target audience of the author is a group of people who experts or who have sufficient knowledge on the effects and history of personal computers, it is highly probable that the audience will be unable to connect with the statements of the author precisely because there is little evidence used to back-up his arguments. Worse, the audience might simply disagree with the author, with the latter failing to convince the audience or failing to send his message across effectively. If, on the other hand, the audience of the author is a group of individuals who have little to no background knowledge about personal computers and are expecting an objective presentation of ideas from the author, it is most certain that the tendency is for the audience to believe in the claims of the author and, eventually, hold these beliefs as close to being treated as facts. Both of these two instances are not commendable as far as scholarly writing and scholarly voice are concerned because both fail to consider the fact that the author’s writing should be fair and objective, or should render no bias and should make use of accepted facts. In essence, the substance of the paragraph can be improved by citing facts and removing opinion. Doing both things can give the paper and the author more credibility and will not be suspect of unsound arguments and invalid points.

Final exam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final exam - Term Paper Example They can work for an unlimited number of years allowing them to refrain from political pressure. Moreover, the constitution prohibits slashing of judges’ salaries implying that neither the executive nor the legislature can threaten to demote these judges. Although the American constitution binds all courts, the judicial branch has the authority to construe the law. Courts are dependable for making the eventual choice regarding the law. Additionally, the judicial branch has the authority to consider all actions of the executive and legislative branch and deem any action that breaches the constitution as void (Zelden, 2007). Therefore, the judicial branch enjoys power called judicial review and uses it sparingly. The role of the executive branch is enforcing the law, with the president being the head (Neubauer, 2011). The president must swear to protect the country’s constitution before taking office. This branch comprises of the president and all other individuals that f all within the president’s purview such as appointees and administrative agencies. However, the president can neither establish legislation nor intrude the legislative branch. The legislative branch makes the country’s laws. Moreover, the American congress vests all legislative powers and comprises of a senate and House of Representatives (Little& Ogle, 2006). Apparently, the congress’ role within the government is legislation. Additionally, statutes refer to laws enacted by the congress. Apparently, the American constitution grants the congress the authority to make laws. Question 2: Theories behind administrative agencies Administrative agencies undertake diverse government functions such as making rules (Beermann, 2010). Regulations refer to rules made by the named agencies and assist in monitoring the activities of individuals governed by the agency and agency’s employees. Another function of these regulations is ensuring consistent law application. O ne theory behind administrative agencies is collective action theory. Apparently, this theory seeks to comprehend how individual groups have the ability to cooperate, with an intention of overcoming social dilemmas and assumes self-interest as the default position. A behavioral technique to joint action initiates with this argument; individuals have evolved the ability to learn cooperation standards and social regulations that have enhanced group success. Apparently, individual actions depend largely on social context. An example to illustrate this theory is organizing a demonstration because it entails considerable collective action. Therefore, administrative agencies enact regulations that they deem as the legislative intent The free market theory stipulates that in an unregulated environment, supply and demand naturally attain equilibrium, thereby achieving maximum social good. Generally, this theory implies that despite existence of misunderstandings amid two parties, they will still reach a compromise. An example to illustrate this theory is conflict resolution. Apparently, for both parties to reach a common understanding, both parties need to give their verdict regarding the issue. Similarly, administrative agencies propose regulations and allow interested parties to give their verdict. The fairness and redistribution theory advocates for fair justice to all individuals. It says that individuals advocate for fair rights and equivalent distribution of benefits. An example to il

Research Paper - Canadian Art - The Group of Seven Essay

Research Paper - Canadian Art - The Group of Seven - Essay Example The original group members comprised of Franklin Carmichael, Lawren Harris, A.Y. Jackson, F.H. Johnston, Arthur Lismer, J.E.H. Macdonald, and F.H. Varley. Interestingly, they started out as magazine illustrators. Their main objective was to adhere to a uniquely Canadian method of painting landscapes (Smith, n.d.). In particular, Harris was an art student in Berlin before he came back to Toronto (Smith, n.d.). He started drawing inspirations from the Laurentians and the Alogonquin Park (Naasgard, 2008). He became specifically fascinated by the northern part of Canada because of its extensiveness and seeming mystique. It was in 1912 that Harris met Macdonald, Jackson, and eventually the rest of the unit members (Naasgard, 2008). The rest of the Group of Seven’s history sprang from there. It was inevitable though that some members would come and go. Johnston for instance, went away after their first art show and was replaced by A.J. Casson (Smith, n.d.). This makes Casson truly a part of the Group of Seven. Moreover, the group opened itself to other members who want to join in their exhibit. They didn’t have to be landscape artists in specific. Even a woman, in the person of Emily Carr, was one of those the group invited. What was important for the Group of Seven was that both members and non-members promote a different way of depicting Canadian art. In general, the Group of Seven art was characterized by a joyful and attractive style. Their works featured an original way of depicting landscapes by producing visuals of the Northern part of Canada that were not explored before. The colors that were often seen in the paintings included browns and burst of oranges (Adamczyk, 2008). But in the case of Harris, he also incorporated his uniqueness by the way he stripped some details off from his painting. To point out a few, he had the tendency to portray trees losing their

A company profile for a company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A company profile for a company - Essay Example In other words this type of structure facilitates decentralization. The corporate staffs at GE are divided into 5 sub divisions. The key subdivision of the corporate staff at GE are Commercial public relations, Legal, Global research, Human resource and Finance. The organization structure of GE shows that it is headed by the corporate executive office. They are in turn supported by shareowners and board of directors. The corporate executive office in turn elects a chairman and CEO. In 2014 the total no. of employees who worked in GE are 307,000. In 2014 the chairman and CEO of the company was Jeffrey R. Immelt. In 2014 GE had 2 vice presidents namely Keith S. Sherin and John G. Rice. They were additionally holding the post of president and CEO of GE capital and Global growth and operations respectively. The president and CEO of other divisions was namely Charles Bankenship for appliances and lighting division, John L Flannery of healthcare division, David L. Joyce of GE Aviation, Rus sell Stokes of GE transportation, Stephen R. Bolze for GE power and water, Lorenzo Simonelli for Oil and Gas division and Mark W. Begor for GE energy management. GE has many divisions and manufactures several things. In fact GE is a conglomerate of several divisions. The various subdivisions of GE are capital, appliances and lightning, healthcare, aviation, transportation, power and water, oil and gas, energy management and Global growth and operations. The main products that GE thus manufactures are lighting appliances. In the power, water, oil and gas sectors too GE is the leader as GE provides power, water, oil and gas. GE aviation is a subsidiary of the general electric and is one of the major suppliers of aircraft engines for the commercial aircrafts that operate. The major competitors of GE aviation are Rolls-Royce and Pratt and Whitney. GE aviation is amongst the top aircraft engine suppliers.

Gene therapy (stem cell and non viral vectors) Essay

Gene therapy (stem cell and non viral vectors) - Essay Example The second approach insists on knocking out or inactivating the muted improperly functioning gene (Al-Dosari, 2009). Lastly, the third approach looks forward to the introduction of a new gene in to the patient’s body to help in fighting the diseases. Chemical vectors in the form of cationic lipids and cationic polymers are known to form condensed complexes with negatively charged DNA via electrostatic forms. Studies have shown that the formed complexes that protect DNA matter and bolster cell uptake coupled with intracellular delivery. Among the most common chemical-based, non-viral vectors are Cationic Lipids (Mukherjee & Thrasher, 2013). Cationic Lipids share similar structures of positively charged hydrophilic, and hydrophobic tails linked via a linker structure. Responsible for the binding of with the cathode phosphate group in the nuclei acids are the positively charged head groups. On the other hand, the hydrophobic tails are typically composed of moieties, cholesterol, and aliphatic chains (Al-Dosari & Gao, 2009). Cationic lipids are mostly applied in the process of liposuction, as such, Al-Dosari & Gao, (2009) coin as the mostly applied gene delivery method. They claim that widely applied co-lipids are cholesterol and DO PE. Transfection tends to be high for lipid composition with high degrees of membrane fluidity. The specified cells particularly well tolerate localized injection. In addition, the method is ideal for DNA-based vaccines development. The method has widely been applied in the direct transfer of skin and thyroid cancer cells for the facilitation of conventional chemotherapy Schlaepfer & Eckel, (2009). Andrà © et al., (2006) showed that following vivo intra-tumoral transfer of short hairpin RNA expression, the total reversal of the phenotype of MDRI and increased efficacy of chemotherapy in thyroid tumor growths inhibition is achievable. Localized injection has demonstrated potential in vivo gene delivery research. For instance,

Virtual Machine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Virtual Machine - Essay Example Virtual machine is a collection of software like JVM (java virtual m/c) that provides run time environment (e.g. data structure support) to user applications. Such software is now referred with the terms virtualization that is running two or more copies of the same operating system or two or more different operating systems and virtual servers. The host software, which provides this capability, is often referred to as a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor. It resides between the hardware and the "guest" operating systems. There are four major conceptual models of Virtual Machines used today and cater for different problem The IBM Model as demonstrated in the IBM S/390 solved the need for a single computer system that could simulate multiple computers with different operating systems. instruction set and maps JVM calls to operating system calls. It simulates a fake CPU that interprets the fake CPU instructions (what is usually referred to as byte code). The most significant feature of the Java Virtual Machine the ability write a program once and execute it with Java Virtual Machines on multiple platforms. The OSI Virtual Machine and the Unix Virtual Machine, represented by the Unix user shell are used to create operating systems and providing services and functions at the operating system level that did not exist in the system hardware. The OSI Virtual Machine model solved the problem of providing services and functions at ... The OSI Virtual Machine model solved the problem of providing services and functions at the operating system level that did not exist in the system hardware. The Unix Virtual Machine model solved series of computer engineering problems by addressing the need for a modular approach to managing the launching and control of Unix processes. The success of the Unix operating systems is to a largely to the versatility and scalability of the Unix process. The History of Virtual Machines Around 1965 the researchers at IBM Yorktown Research center, developed first virtual machine environment, for the IBM System/360 mainframe called VM, which was entirely based in software. Later, IBM developed an implementation of its notion of a virtual machine and added hardware circuits to provide more robust and speedy partitioning between system images. This real world operating system, allows the user to share the resources available on their mainframe computers with many people, thus creating a multiple user environments. . This machine is now known as the IBM System 370 (S/370) and the IBM System 390 (S/390). These machines make use of the IBM VM/ESA operating system and are collectively referred to as IBM's VM lineage. Virtual Machine Research Paper 4 Benefits of running a virtual machine Virtual machine allow user to write applications on one OS and it can be executed on a machine which runs a different OS.One use is to provide multiple users the illusion of having an entire computer. Another advantage is that booting and restarting a virtual machine can be much faster than with a physical machine, since it may be possible to skip tasks such as hardware initialization. Virtual machine allows for testing OS's and requires less

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Essay

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting - Essay Example The editing paper "Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" talks about the internal control over financial reporting and performing an integrated audit of Ford Motor Company and Toyota Motor Corporation. According to the Securities and Exchange Commission, disclosure procedures and controls includes those procedures and controls put in place to ensure that the information required to be availed in financial reports is processed, recorded, summarized and reported within the required timeframe as stipulated in the SEC rules. These procedures and control policy have an organized framework that enables an issuer to disclose the information required in the Exchange Act reports. The accumulated report is presented to the management of the issuer who include financial and principal executive officers within an appropriate time limit that enable implementation old decisions on the required disclosures. Despite their differences, internal controls and disclosure control overlap over financial reporting. Therefore, inherent limitations are those unintentional errors or intentional misstatements that may reflect in financial reports despite proper design and monitoring process. Comments on these limitations on financial report and statements aim at highlighting the impossibility of a 100% assurance control system, and that the information in the statements is material-error free. And the assurance that internal control does not contain any material weaknesses is essential to a management team.

The Influence of Cigarette Smoking all Over the World Research Paper

The Influence of Cigarette Smoking all Over the World - Research Paper Example Cigarette smoking is the inhale of the smoke of burning tobacco encased. Informal smoking is the act of smoking only infrequently, generally in social circumstances or to alleviate tension. A number of health experts consider regular cigarette smoking as a psycho-addiction and having dangerous health effects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has stated that cigarettes should be regarded as nicotine delivery devices. Nicotine, the vigorous element in tobacco, is intake into the lungs, where most of it remains. The remainder passes into the bloodstream, and reaches the brain in around 10 seconds and spread all over the body in just 20 seconds. The conditions and the amount of tobacco inhaled, nicotine can act as either refreshment or sedative. This can be described as some people describes that smoking gives them energy and motivates their mental activity, at the same time as others see that cigarette smoking alleviates nervousness and lessen them. Yet, nicotine increases the danger of heart ailment. Nevertheless, when a person smokes, he or she is taking in a lot more than nicotine. Smoke from a cigarette includes many other toxic chemicals, including tar and carbon monoxide. Tar is a sticky matter that accumulates in the lungs, causing lung cancer and respiratory pain. Carbon monoxide restricts the quantity of oxygen that the red blood cells can transmit all over the body. In addition, it may harm the internal walls of the arteries, which lets fats to increase in them. In addition to tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide, tobacco smoke contains numerous different chemicals. Most of them are considered to be deadly. Nonsmokers who are vulnerable to tobacco smoke also take in these poisonous chemicals. Cigarette smoking is considered as the major preventable source of death, contributing to the deaths of just about 430,700 Americans each year.  

The Village Essay Example for Free

The Village Essay The Village is a film about a village where the people live in fear of creatures living in the woods beyond them. It is explained that the villagers have a truce with, as they call them, â€Å"Those We Don’t Speak Of,† where the villagers do not enter their woods, and the creatures do not enter the Villagers’. M. Night Shyamalan illustrates a small society in The Village, of people who are free and protected through the fear of violence, and an imperfect community. To ensure their village is innocent, the elders made sure their children and grandchildren would be protected from violence and greed. By assuring this, the elders made up the creatures and told stories and tales of those killed and harmed by them to make them fear leaving. According to them, the color red was forbidden because it would attract the creatures and bring them into their part of the woods. If anyone was to enter Covington Woods, which was only granted by permission, they would have to wear yellow. The elders and villagers had to sacrifice knowledge of modern resources and medicine. An oath was made years ago in the village that soon was broken when few were told about the make believe creatures. Many of the villagers were affected by the lack of medicine, which caused Noah Percy, who had a mental illness die and Ivy Walker to go into Covington Woods. The villagers believe the creatures will harm them if someone passes the boundaries, although the elders only believe they could be harmed by exposure to the modern world.

How Education Can Contribute To Peace

How Education Can Contribute To Peace First and Foremost, What is world peace? World Peace is an ideal of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations and/or people. World peace is an idea of planetary non-violence by which nations willingly cooperate, either voluntarily or by virtue of a system of governance that prevents warfare. The term is sometimes used to refer to a cessation of all hostility among all individuals. (Wikipedia, World peace) We celebrate world peace on International Peace Day on September 21st. I think, without education, most of us wouldnt even know the meaning of peace. So as long as we learn and devote ourselves and our time, we will be peaceful. Peace has taught us a lot about Education and the same applies to Education. Education has made a big impression on world peace. Has it made a made a big impression on you? What is Education? Nelson Mandela once said Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. (Good reads, Quotes) I agree with him because education is in fact an important requirement of life. But this is just my opinion. Lots of people have different opinions about Education. Barack Obama said Im going to insist that weve got decent funding, enough teachers, and computers in the classroom, but unless you turn off the television set and get over a certain anti-intellectualism that I think pervades some low-income communities, our children are not going to achieve (Light a Fire, Educational Quotes) Aristotle said The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet (Heart quotes, Education) Galileo said I have never met a man so ignorant that I couldnt learn something from him (Heart quotes, Education) But I think, if youre able to read this and understand it, youre educated! Something important struck me as I was going through this website, it said I f you study to remember, you will forget, but, if you study to understand, you will remember. (Heart quotes, Education) Have you ever thought how something like Education has made an impact of peoples lives? But first we must ask ourselves, what is impact? Impact is the effect or impression of one thing on another. Children receive education at some point in their lives to enhance their social and intellectual abilities (Lynda Barrys the Sanctuary of School) Education can be given at any place at any time. But some people dont go to school. Why? When it comes to poor people, we can assume they cant afford it. But when it comes to rich people who can, what is the reason? Well, some rich children feel its ok to not attend school. I call this Lack of Courage. And some are simply influenced by their parents who are somewhat lazy and dont care about the educational rights of the child. When children choose education over drugs, thats a miracle (Bruce Almighty, Movie) Dont you ever wonder what education is like throughout Ethiopia? Education in Ethiopia has been dominated by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church for many centuries until so called official education was adopted in the early 1900s. Previous to 1974, Ethiopia had an estimated illiteracy rate well above 90% and compared poorly with the rest of Africa in the condition of schools and universities. Education received roughly 13% of the national budget in 1992. By 1995 the rate of illiteracy had dropped substantially to 64.5%. Projected adult illiteracy rates for the year 2003 even lower at 61.3% (males, 56.1%; females, 66.6%). (Education in Ethiopia, ONSOI) As of 1999, public expenditure on education was estimated at 4.3% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product).The current system follows very similar school expansion schemes to the rural areas as the previous 1980s system with an addition of deeper renationalization giving rural education in their own languages starting from the primary level (Wikipedia , Education in Ethiopia) Education can be provided into two types of school. Private (Like Sandford) and Government (run by the government where everything or almost everything is free). Ive learnt in both. From knowledge, I can say that students from government school take education more seriously than students from private schools. The reason for this is because that education is the only way to a better life, better job and better health for them. Like for example we, private school students can fail grade 10 and still have a chance in grade 11 (IGCSE) But government school students have only 1 chance in secondary school. If they fail grade 10, there is no IGCSE for them. Learning in a government school wasnt easy for me. I was used to private schools where if you forgot to hand in an essay or assignment, you get another chance. If you didnt hand in your assignment in government schools, youll get a slap in the face or a kick in the leg, which was very excruciating. But it was an amazing experience, getti ng perspectives from both schools and taking it with me to my journey as a student, a student whose obligation is to accomplish hers and hers familys potential. Also, we should consider the values which are essential, education will make you qualified for certain jobs and positions. Without it everybody in the world wouldnt know a thing. I will now demonstrate 11 interesting facts on education that you probably didnt know. 1. One in five adults in the developing world almost 862 million people cannot read or write. 2. Most illiterate persons are female. In more than 20 developing nations, illiteracy rates amongst women exceed 70%. 3. As much as 115 million children of primary school age are not enrolled in school. 4. More than 226 million children do not attend secondary school. 5. Many children who do enroll in school do not graduate with even the most basic reading and math skills because their schools do not have enough teachers, books or facilities to provide a quality education. 6. Across the world many children miss out on their education because: They are made to work to help support their families and many other reasons. 7. in most developing countries, public school is not free. The costs of books, uniforms, and teachers salaries are borne by the students families. 8. School fees and related costs are a co mmon barrier to education. These charges are a greater burden for children from poor families, and disproportionately affect those who are racial and ethnic minorities, members of Indigenous communities and migrants. 9. Girls are more likely to be excluded from school than boys when there isnt enough money to go round. As many as two out of three out-of-school children are girls. 10. Social traditions and deep-rooted religious and cultural beliefs are most often the barriers to expanding girls educational opportunities in undeveloped countries around the world. And last but not least, 11. Educated girls and women are less vulnerable to HIV infection, human trafficking and other forms of exploitation, are more likely to marry later, raise fewer children who are more likely to go to school, and make important contributions to family income. (Facts on Education, Dosomething.org) Have you ever tried and compared education in LEDCs and MEDCs? Why dont we take Afghanistan and Italy for example? Afghanistan had an early childhood development program which provides environmental influences, which gradually interact with the developing abilities and disposition of young children to help develop social, emotional, physical, intellectual, and creative aspects of their personality. However, for the underprivileged children with social, economic, educational or emotional deficiencies, these programs provide stimulations designed to remove obstacles to learning (The EFA 2000 Assessment: Country Reports). The following table is extracted from UNESCO-IBE (2011), (World Data on Education VII ed. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan). It clearly shows the education/schooling system in Afghanistan. In Italy, Education for all means, in the perspective of UNESCO, the commitment of the 187 member countries to provide every human being with the real possibility of achieving at least that minimum educational attainment which allows a person to participate fully in the cultural, social, political and economical life of his/her country. The year 2000 assessment is then for UNESCO a very important step in the way towards that fundamental objective. It gives every country the opportunity of reviewing its recent past in the light of the effort made so that basic education becomes a reality for all (The EFA 2000 Assessment: Country Reports) Since 2008, the Pearson Foundation (Independent non-profit organization that aims to make a difference by promoting literacy, learning, and great teaching), the nonprofit arm of one of the nations largest educational publishers, has financed free international trips some have called them junkets for education commissioners whose states do business with the company (New York Times, Free Trips Raise Issues for Officials in Education) Many people in the world are trying to promote education for all. One of those people is Barack Obama. Barack Obama is encouraging people to follow the Education law, Similar to the Chinese government trying to encouraging the Chinese population to follow the One child policy. If you dont know, Education law is the area of law relating to schools and that deals mainly with schools, school systems and school boards charged with educating our children. President Barack Obama said No Child Left Behind. Obama said a few years ago that he was frustrated that Congress didnt act to change the law that he has said is flawed, so he was moving forward with an effort to let qualifying states circumvent it. His plan allows states to scrap a key requirement that all children show they are proficient in reading and math by 2014. To qualify, the states must submit a plan showing how they will meet certain requirements such as enacting standards to prepare students for college and testing for those standards, and by making teachers and principals more accountable by setting guidelines on evaluations (Fresno bee, Thursday, Oct. 13, 2011) Shiza Anam, a six year old girl, is living with her mother, two brothers and two sisters in red light area, Lahore. Her mother is a worker who hardly earns an amount of Rs. 7000/ month (US $ 83 / month) from prostitution. With this limited income she is hardly able to meet the daily expenses of food and other requirements of the family. Her mother is not able to bear the expenses of her education and health care. Her two sisters and two brothers are also not going to school as her mother is not in a position to bear the expense of their educations. Her mother wants her to be a prostitute in future but she does not want to be a prostitute. She wants to get an education and to become a teacher in her life. She thinks that education is the best way to fight against deprivations, poverty and to get rid of the prostitution. But her mother does not have enough resources for her education. She does not know about her father as her mother is a sex worker. Her mother also does not know about her husband and the father of Shazia Anam. Currently Shaiza is going to Sheed School but she is looking towards the donors to help her to meet the expenses of her education. (Givology, learn to give, give to learn) Millions of people around the world can relate to Shizas story. To conclude, Education is an essential necessity of life and we all have the right to learn and respect anothers freedom of learning. I think positive change is possible. Youths are fighting for jobs and education is a campaigning organization fighting against mass unemployment. The Scottish say fight their system demand our future. Wisconsin families support a strong public school system because education is the key to creating a better future for our children by attracting companies and jobs to our community. In Addis Ababa, education is a key weapon in preventing girls from falling victim to child trafficking (Education in Ethiopia, UNICEF) If you want to be in education, said Canada, you cant be prepared to accept failure. (Fighting for education, and nations future, Harvard University) Word Count: (Excluding citations): 1993 Work-Cited List World Peace Wikipedia, 24 November, 2008, Web. October 31, 2012, Good Reads Famous Quotes, 22 November 2010, Web. October 31, 2012, Education Heart Quotes, June 27, 2008, Web. October 31, 2012, < http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/h/helenkelle101301.html> The Sanctuary Of School Lynda Barry Essays and Term Papers, 14 April, 2011, Web. October 31, 2012, < http://www.studymode.com/subjects/the-sanctuary-of-school-lynda-barry-page1.html> Education in Ethiopia Onsoi Blog, 25 July, 2012 ,Web. October 31, 2012, What are county EFA reports? Country Reports, 2000, Web. October 31, 2012, < http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/home.html> Free Trips Raise Issues for Officials in Education Education, The New York Times, October 9, 2011, Web. October 31, 2012, Most states to seek exception to education law Publication, Daily Sparks Tribune, 30 October 2011, Web. October 31, 2012, < http://dailysparkstribune.com/view/full_story/16040963/article-Most-states-to-seek-exception-to-education-law> TVET formal, non-formal and informal systems World TVET Database, 2011, Web. October 31, 2012, < http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=AFG>

Napster: The Copyright Battle Essay -- Fair Use

Once upon a time a website provided free music through peer-to-peer file sharing. This was a new technology for the public for a several reasons. The price of home computers had declines dramatically and many people could now afford one. Because of the affordability, many people who had never used a computer suddenly found themselves enmeshed in the new media. Not only could people do their e-mail, do paperwork, play games and use all the different applications they now could also share their files with others. Of course, they wanted to share one of our most valued pleasures, our love of music. The public was not aware that this type of file sharing was illegal because it was not clear on the website disclaimer. Most people did not understand United States copyright laws or the concept of Fair Use. It was the golden age of the internet and everyone was happy with his or her new toy. In this paper, I will discuss legal implications of peer-to-peer file sharing. The most famous cas e was the Napster lawsuits. I was interested because I got a cease and desist letter spring 2000. I stopped but I never quite understood what the difference was between file-sharing and recording music off the radio, which I later learned was illegal also. This paper will explore if the current copyright laws provide the protection necessary for intellectual property. If not, does it need to be revised? Can the Fair Use Doctrine and the new technology co-exist in the same world? According to Wikipedia (2011), â€Å"Napster was an online music peer-to-peer file sharing service created by Shawn Fanning while he was attending Northeastern University in Boston. The service, named after Fanning's hairstyle-based nickname, operated between June 1999 and July ... ... such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Section 107 also sets out four factors to be considered in determining whether or not a particular use is fair: 1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes 2. The nature of the copyrighted work 3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole 4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value of, the copyrighted work The distinction between fair use and infringement may be unclear and not easily defined. There is no specific number of words, lines, or notes that may safely be taken without permission. Acknowledging the source of the copyrighted material does not substitute for obtaining permission. (Fair Use, 1976)

Essay --

CHALLENGES AND HOW TO OVERCOME THE ISSUE OF HALAL IN MALAYSIA Occasionally, the country's Muslim community was shocked by the product claims dubious legal status. They will be so anxious and be careful in making a purchase food or related products. There is also the blame on various parties entrusted with the enforcement of Halal. Given the Halal issue is an important issue especially for the Muslims, due to their having the right information about products Halal something good to eat, drink or use. Issues that often haunt Muslims now is the question of Halal that requires serious attention of all parties. Malaysia is a Muslim country but Muslims in the country is difficult to get a reliable kosher item as fully as food, personal care and more. With Islam as the official religion of the country, the Muslim sensitivities must be taken into account in this serious case. Among the issues debated constantly in Malaysia is like slaughtering chickens do not follow Islamic ways and there are also feeding the pig intestine to catfish and more. The use of food additives is a challenge to Muslims because the process and the source of additive itself may use illegal ingredients included in Halal food products although its use is permitted in the specified level. Which the question is whether it will invite harm to health, if continued to be used in foods consumed by humans every day? The other thing that raises the dilemma is that if the food additives derived from animals that are banned, making it illegal eaten by Muslims. What about the situation where sometimes during the manufacturing process of a food or beverage may be generated elements that are banned? Therefore, the involvement of researchers in studying the short and long term e... ...oday are very careful in searching and selecting a food and consumables in order not to fall into the valley disobedience. All parties, especially the government should seriously look at this aspect because it is a test of patience and integrity of Muslims. In fact, we also need to be a model for other developing Muslim countries, especially Malaysia is to be a Halal food hub in the region. Government should ensure that the key issue is Halal Muslims as this is no longer a big problem. Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) to ensure transparency in admission and distribution of all products are screened and go through a rigorous examination because they are the authority in certifying Halal or Haram products in the market. Users also need to be wise and careful when shopping to ensure Halal goods impacts of each product and not take things for granted.

Hindu Creation Myth vs Earth’s Age According To Evolution :: essays research papers

Hindu Creation Myth vs Earth’s Age According To Evolution The Hindu creation myth that I found goes like this. As Brahma meditated beings were born from his mind. He thought about a body made of darkness and out of his rectum came a wind were the demons were born. Then Brahma discarded the body of darkness and the body became night. He then thought of a new body that was made mostly of goodness and light. Out of his mouth now came the shining gods or devas. He then brought out of his body something else that has now become day. Still today it’s during the daytime that people visit the temples and worship the gods. He took a third body that was all goodness. Brahma happened to be thinking beautiful thoughts of fathers and sons, mothers and daughters, and then the ancestor spirits were born. These spirits appear in the dusk and the dawn, where day and night met. Brahma then bought out of his third body and brought a fourth something that was made of the energy that emitted from his mind. With these thoughts human beings the thinking cr eatures, were created. Then he made this body and it became the moon. To this day human beings love the moonlight for dancing, singing, and making love. Brahma now had a strange thought that he though was a fifth body made of both energy and darkness which caused him to emit horrible creatures that wanted to devour the primordial sea of chaos those were the ogres. Brahma was really disturbed by his last creation that all the hairs on his head fell out. Those hairs became all the creatures that crawl around on the ground the snakes and other reptiles. They remember their origins by hiding in swamps, brush piles, under rocks, and other dark places. Brahma was still troubled about creating the ogres and, thinking dark thoughts, he created the horrible Gandharvas, or ghouls. By this time Brahma had again got back his power and began thinking pleasant thoughts. His mind went back to the peaceful and happy time of his youth. In this state of happiness, the birds were created. Now from the body of Brahma much more came mammals, plants, and other forms of life. The qualities that all living things have today are the products of what Brahma's thoughts were when they were born and these features remain alive as long as the world lasts.

Knowledge acquisition Essay

Jegrins Insurance Company is one of the largest insurance companies. Jegrins Company is a group of six other companies that deal with life insurance, property insurance, insurance exchange, property insurance and management. Jerkins Insurance Company is one of the largest casualty or property insurers and has so many policies. It deals with life insurance, asset management and casualty and property Insurance. Insurance companies have to maintain a competitive advantage in order to ensure growth. Jergins is one of those insurance companies that need to maintain a competitive advantage. The company has a very stable financial condition, works towards superior targets hence attains the aim of providing superior services. The employees of Jegrins Insurance Company are a very committed group who work towards the success of the company and ensure that the company grows. Jegrins Company has policy holders too that always set specific targets to be met by the company. They either set long term targets or short term targets depending on what they want to accomplish, agents of the company work hard in order not only to meet these targets but also to exceed them as a challenge to their policy holders. This company uses all these to ensure growth in the market as well as maintaining a competitive advantage. The company uses the capitalization’s risk adjustment as one of the ways of ensuring growth. It has a unique solid operating performance system as well, that it makes use of and views this as very important in the growth of the company. Another design in place for the Jegrins Insurance Company is the availability of the regional market that is well established. The advantage of the regional market, the employees attitude towards working hard, the adjustment of risk capitalization and the policies of the company that have to be met, place the company in a very high class among other insurance companies and enables it maintain a competitive advantage apart from just company growth. There are other factors that contribute to the growth hence high rating of the Jegrins Insurance Company. These are factors such as improvements on technology which has enabled the company growth on performance and service offering, low operating costs, a solid income investment, an increased sophistication on pricing and a well organized and well mannered underwriting. Jegrins Company cannot only depend on the already mentioned factors to be successful and to maintain a competitive advantage. It has to look for knowledge and how to manage it for the benefit of the company. The company therefore tried to change or implement ways of getting knowledge which it realized was a very important factor in maintaining competitive advantage. The company realized that by gaining knowledge from outside about other companies or competitors, it would be better placed, and apart from that, internal knowledge was noticed as essential for the general growth of the company. The company manager therefore decided to implement knowledge strategies to use for the companies benefit and be well informed about competitive advantage issues. The knowledge strategy of a company is the approach the company gives to the knowledge capabilities and knowledge resources to the company’s strategy in order to achieve what the company targets are. A knowledge strategy enables the company to increase its knowledge in a specified area be it internal or external knowledge of a company. Companies choose from the knowledge sources which are either internal or external or can choose to use both. Jegrins Company decided on a knowledge strategy that uses both the internal knowledge sources and the external knowledge sources. Jegrins company internal knowledge sources are those that the employees have in their minds, that is, in their behaviors, the duties and procedures they conduct everyday, the company equipments and the software of the company that they handle. Jegrins internal knowledge sources also lay in the various documents that the company has, the databases and the on line repositories. The external knowledge sources that Jegrins decided to use are such as consultants, from brokers of knowledge, universities, publications, personal relations and from professional associations. Jegrins company manager found out that internal knowledge source could be used to prevent imitation by other companies and to maintain the required level of knowledge requirement for executing the company’s strategy and maintaining its current position. The manager then decided to go to an extent of looking for external knowledge sources to avoid being beaten by competitors since competitors too have knowledge levels. The company has to ensure the gap between the competitors level of knowledge is closed down to ensure it is not down and cannot be out done at any time. Jegrins also creates new knowledge to keep in pace and to maintain a competitive advantage position. This extra knowledge, the manager feels is very important since the company will be better placed that the other companies. The company exploits knowledge to keep pace by looking for more information that is relevant. Jegrins insurance Company Internal knowledge management and knowledge acquisition: Without a knowledge strategy, the success of a company can be jeopardized. The company has since implemented a strategy of knowledge acquisition. This strategy has various processes that the company follows. The knowledge of the company since it was initiated was made available to the company employees for them to get to know more about the company. In knowledge management, employees are very important. Jegrins encourages its employees to get the information about the company and perform there duties on the basis of knowledge that they have gained. Internal knowledge is based on the employee knowledge, about their experiences, the soft ware in the company and other company documents. Since the company already had these, it was easy for the manager to go through this step of knowledge acquisition because the employees already had knowledge about the company, the software and had experiences in vast areas of the company. On the basis that this is a large company that provides services to other members and has so many policies, Jegrins has a lot to be termed as internal knowledge. It is therefore an important task to take a long term plan to ensure knowledge acquisition is not stopped after a short time but is continued over a long period of time. Jegrins made this decision just based on the nature of the business or company that does not go for days then close down. The manager decided on long term plans to avoid failure during operations in the future. Apart from the company knowledge that was readily available, the manager still implemented ways to encourage the employees to share the experiences they had and other organizational issues as a way to improve the company’s operational system. By this he encouraged learning through experience hence acquiring more useful knowledge to what his targets of the company are knowledge. External sources of knowledge: Jegrins acquires knowledge too from the external environment as has been stated. It gets information from consultants about the company’s operation steps whenever the manager feels there is a point where consultation is required. The company has evolved to an extent of looking at the other company’s successful methods and learning about them for the benefit of the company and to bridge the gap between the competitor and the company itself. When the company manager does this, he realizes that the other companies do not have more knowledge than the company does, and therefore are at almost the same level of knowledge and not left out yet the company still ranks above the competitors. This he realizes is important in maintaining a competitive advantage since knowledge about other companies is available to him and he knows the steps to make to avoid problems or going down the competitive advantage. The manager also involves the company in looking for information about the environment to which the company operates apart from the competitors’ information. The market is very important to the management of the company since the basis of the company being set up is to provide services to a specified market. Jegrins manager encourages research on the market for the advantage of the company. This though has been the company norm even before the manager decided on taking to knowledge strategy since it offered a lot of information about the steps to be followed for the success of the company. The manager realized that there was need for a strategy or method to be used to acquire just more information relevant for development. This kind of information gaining was meant for the purpose of just keeping in pace with others or being ahead of them which would be to the advantage of the company. The company therefore looked for external sources of information from universities, publications about the successful insurance companies, and other related information professional sources. Jegrins Information distribution: The manager of Jegrins Insurance Company adopted a system in the company that stored valuable information in an order that could be easily retrieved for reference. He also adopted the system of allowing information to be shared among the employees depending on the ranks and area of work so that when an employee does not accept an issue, he/she can explain it to others, discussed and a conclusion made. All these steps the manager considers as a good knowledge management strategy that has shown great success to the company after implementation. After knowledge acquisition, distribution, interpretation and general storage, the company’s knowledge management can be discussed. The manager so far has used this strategy to manage the company knowledge and is able to realize some bit by bit improvements from the previous level in which the company was before. The company though was at a high level, the manager had intentions of improvement and not just sticking to one level forever that may fall down in one time. The manager decided therefore to implement the knowledge management strategy to improve company performance and maintain competitive advantage. In all the knowledge management procedures, the manager had to take time to make sure that strategic knowledge creation is correctly done. He had to make the short term decisions in some cases and long term decision in others to make sure that there is a balance. This is because in some cases like the maintenance of the competitive advantage by the company, the manager had to decide on long term strategy since the future of the company has to be considered. After implementing a knowledge management strategy, the company has come to realize that knowledge is the key issue in the basis of competition. The company is always aware of any competitor steps that are relevant for the company in order not to be beaten by the competitor. Additional knowledge places the company at a higher class since more improvements have been made based on the acquired knowledge. Internal knowledge proved to be very advantageous to the company since it made the employees share the ideas out of the strategy that the manager created that allowed them to share ideas on the companies operations and make corrections and improvements where it was necessary. The result of these steps by the manager was tremendous, easy maintenance of the competitive advantage, noticeable growth, and increased class when compared to other companies and just being informed in terms of knowledge. It was success for Jegrins. Jegrins manager feels that knowledge strategies that suit respective companies are one of the ways to maintain competitive advantage in insurance companies since knowledge is the basis of competition and improvement. According to Jegrins’ manager, when the company has knowledge from the external environment, there are very high chances of improvement and maintaining a competitive advantage. Internal knowledge also contributes to the improvement and competitive advantage too since the main subject here is the employees and the employees have a big role to play in the company. They are the one who run it through their routine duties and experiences.

Variety Of Ecosystem Services Environmental Sciences Essay

This analysis informs future direction and technology determinations within estuaries for these home grounds which are protected under the EU Habitats Directive. At a wide graduated table, observations made within Poole Harbour emphasise that saltmarsh alterations happening elsewhere in the UK, and potentially elsewhere in the universe, may be more complex than frequently portrayed. Foregrounding the demand for elaborate instance by instance surveies, that use all the informations available over a sufficient clip period. When information is non available this should be acknowledged and a grade of cautiousness used in construing consequences. Multiple drivers of alteration are commanding the net development of saltmarsh in Poole Harbour and this is likely to be a widespread decision for other estuaries around the universe. On geological timescales tidal basins can be considered as impermanent, ephemeral characteristics. Their being is the consequence of a complex interaction between the familial morphology and substrate, low-lying fluctuations and tidal gestures, sediment handiness and sediment distribution procedures. Historically, estuaries have been focal points for human activities and development. Some utilizations such as ports, exploit the shelter offered by the physical construction of the estuary. Other utilizations include working the rich natural resources of fish and shellfish available within estuarial environments. Estuaries are frequently used by certain fish species as genteelness and nursery evidences, pulling big Numberss of marauding bird and wildlife species. Estuaries have besides in recent old ages become the focal point for leisure activities such as seafaring and other H2O athleticss. The usage of rivers and estuaries has increased, non merely for conveyance and port development, but besides in new utilizations such as H2O extraction and discharges of waste. Population growing and development of urban industrial and agricultural countries has lead to renewal and draining of low lying countries, all of which impose force per unit areas on river and estuary systems. Anthropogenetic effects have historically been a major agent act uponing the morphology of an estuary, either straight by agencies of technology plants or indirectly by modifying the physical, chemical or biological procedures within the estuary. Estuaries are among the most biologically productive ecosystems on the planet, per unit country, with intertidal home grounds back uping big Numberss of birds and fish. As an recognition of the ecological maps that estuaries perform, big countries in the UK ( and more widely ) have been designated under the EC Habitats and Species Directive, including saltmarshe s and mudflats, reedbeds, sand dunes, vegetated shake, coastal graze fen, saline lagunas and sea grass beds. However, studies led by English Nature within the Stour and Orwell Estuaries, Hamford Water, Blackwell Estuary, Thames Estuary and Marshes, the Solent and Portsmouth Harbour, have found that salt marsh countries in England are worsening. Saltmarshes on the south seashore of the UK, are peculiarly threatened due to a combination of factors. Intertidal countries have been shown to hold declined with the edifice of extended defense mechanism webs ( notably during the nineteenth Century ) . Land renewal, alterations in sediment handiness and slow remission due to glacial isostatic accommodation all being of import influences. Consequently, important losingss are likely to go on into the hereafter and these are likely to be exacerbated by low-lying rise. Expected responses to low-lying rise are perpendicular accumulation and migration inland, both of which have been restricted by coastal defense mechanisms. In visible radiation of the importance of estuaries, both environmentally and commercially, understanding the procedures which drive them, including hydrokineticss, tides and sediment conveyance and the effects for morphological alteration is important. Both in order to better pull off these countries and conserve the home grounds situated within them, every bit good as giving penetration into the alterations that may happen in these countries with future development and anthropogenetic influence.Research PurposesThere is an overpowering focal point on eroding in the UK and the equilibrating procedure of accumulation has received deficient attending, understanding under what conditions saltmarshes accrete and cognition of how to ease this will be important to future coastal direction under lifting sea degrees. The chief purpose of this research is to research estuary morphodynamics with relation to accretional and erosional tendencies at an estuary and sub-estuary graduated table and specifically the function of tidal dissymmetry with relation to saltmarsh alteration. In order to analyze saltmarsh alterations alongside hydrokineticss and morphology a suited instance survey site was selected. Criteria for the pick of instance survey site were determined through two factors ; local direction issues affecting saltmarshes and informations handiness ( see Appendix A ) . Saltmarsh direction issues to be considered included ; parts of human impacted saltmarsh ( such as seawall building, dredging and marina/port development ) every bit good as pristine saltmarsh in close propinquity, saltmarsh with varied facet and distribution throughout the estuary, saltmarsh of high quality and habitat appellation. Considerations for informations included the handiness of: historic aerial exposure, maps and charts, bathymetric/topographic informations such as LiDAR, some cognition of the basic hydrodynamic procedures, and possible bing theoretical accounts of the estuary that can be utilized and handiness for field informations. Poole Harbour is a big tidal estuary situated on the south seashore of Britain. Spartina anglica was foremost recorded in Poole Harbour in the 1890s. It ab initio spread quickly, nevertheless, during the 1920s it began to worsen. The mean rate of saltmarsh loss, reported from 1972 to 1993, is 7.5 hour angle per twelvemonth ( accounting for 157.5 hour angle of saltmarsh loss over that clip. This may non be a cosmopolitan tendency, it has been reported that in some countries of the Harbour saltmarsh has expanded. However this is non to the full described in the old literature and so this thesis will more realistically characterize the tendencies and their drivers for south seashore fens, utilizing Poole Harbour as a instance survey. Saltmarsh distribution in Poole Harbour and its historic development is farther described in Chapter 3. Poole Harbour was chosen as a suited survey country for three chief grounds ( Appendix A ) . First it has big countries of pristine saltmarsh on the sout hern and western sides with small human impact. Yet the northern and eastern sides hold big urban populations and an active and spread outing ferry port. The saltmarshes in Poole Harbour are extended and varied in facet and in old studies have shown interesting tendencies in eroding. Second data handiness was good for Poole Harbour, with readily available historic forward passs for three old ages throughout the twentieth Century. Third the hydrokineticss in the Harbour are good characterised through old numerical modeling conducted by Falconer and HR Wallingford. Poole Harbour will be examined as a instance survey, in order to better understand the relationship between tidal dissymmetry, sediment kineticss and intertidal alteration. In many old surveies it is hypothesised that wane dominant estuaries export deposit and inundation dominant estuaries import deposit with cardinal deposit conveyance, morphological and finally habitat stock deductions. However, this state of affairs may be more complex, with different countries within a individual estuary dominated by different tendencies of dissymmetry, thereby making localised erosional and accretional tendencies.Research AimsIn drumhead, the research has the undermentioned three aims which are expanded upon in Chapter 4. Historic Change Analysis ; The historic alteration analysis will place alterations within the intertidal zone and will quantify historic saltmarsh tendencies within the Harbour, utilizing maps, charts and aerial picture taking. Methods of alteration will besides be quantified. Through this procedure erosional and accretional tendencies at an estuary and sub-estuary graduated table can be defined and drivers for these alterations identified. This has non satisfactorily been completed in old surveies and is important to deriving and full apprehension of the procedures happening within the Harbour. Estuary Morphology Analysis ; The morphology of the Harbour will be investigated in several ways. First the hypsography of the Harbour and its current position with relation to equilibrium will be quantified. The hypsography of an estuary ( Section 2.2.2 ) can be used to depict the estuarine morphology in footings of its deposit infill. This infers the developmental phase of the estuary and hence indicates whether the estuary will be given to import or export deposit. This has a big impact on the intertidal home grounds ability to maintain gait with local comparative sea-level rise and erosional or accretional tendencies. In add-on, sub-estuary fluctuations in hypsography and tidal dissymmetry will be assessed and compared to the historic alteration analysis to detect any correlativity. Second transverse subdivisions of the intertidal will be examined ; the cross shore profile form can bespeak erosional and accretional tendencies. This will give penetration into modern-day procedures within the saltmarshes and dr ivers of alteration, peculiarly when combined with cognition of dominant air current and moving ridge waies which may be responsible for alterations. An analysis of sediment shear thresholds of deposits in the Harbour, through flume testing will besides give penetration into how deposits behave, therefore possible drivers of alteration. Tidal Asymmetry Analysis ; Tidal flow vectors and tidal dissymmetry will be investigated within the estuary. This will be done in two ways. First dissymmetry will be calculated utilizing generalised geometric and hydrodynamic relationships to depict the overall dissymmetry within the Harbour. Second tidal flow vectors and tidal dissymmetry will be investigated, peculiarly inundation and ebb laterality, utilizing numerical theoretical account informations. As discussed in Section 2.1.2, flow speeds are a chief driver of sediment conveyance within an estuary. Tidal dissymmetry can take to dominant flow waies, besides impacting sediment conveyance and distribution, which has a major impact on intertidal home ground location and stableness. Where local comparative sea-levels are increasing, saltmarshes rely on deposit supplies in order to accrete vertically within the tidal frame and keep comparative place. Where the chance to migrate and sufficient deposit is non available intertidal home grounds will slowly drow n and revert to lower lift home grounds and finally convert to unfastened H2O.Novelty/Originality of ResearchThis thesis aims to unite several methods of analysis in order to associate the morphodynamics and tidal dissymmetry of estuaries, with relation to saltmarsh erosional and accretional tendencies. By uniting an analysis of historic maps, charts and aerial exposure, historic saltmarsh alteration and its scene can be investigated. Analyzing estuary morphology and geting modelled speed flow end products, drivers of these alterations can be identified. By taking a multidisciplinary attack, estuarial hydrokineticss can be linked to sediment conveyance forms, which drive the morphology of the Harbour and may be a dominant driver of the historic saltmarsh alterations observed. Previous surveies refering saltmarsh alterations within Poole Harbour have been conducted at a less elaborate degree than within this survey and have overlooked little graduated table alterations within creek s ystems. Neither localized tendencies of eroding or accumulation, or the drivers and mechanisms of the alterations observed were investigated in these old surveies. Saltmarshes in the UK have been in diminution throughout the twentieth Century and in the hereafter will be under increasing force per unit area due to low-lying rise even if the Habitat Directive addresses the force per unit area of coastal development. Saltmarshes are of import both in footings of designated home grounds, which are protected by European jurisprudence, every bit good as supplying a assortment of ecosystem services. Hence, at a wide graduated table, placing and understanding the drivers of alteration in saltmarsh systems and the timescales they operate over, is important in helping determination devising in future coastal direction.Structure of ThesisThis thesis is organised into nine Chapters. Chapter 2 will reexamine the relevant literature discoursing estuarial morphology and hydrokineticss associating these procedures to saltmarshes and the home grounds found within the intertidal zone. Chapter 2 will besides discourse estuarine modeling, analyzing both numerical hydrodynamic theoretical accounts, every bit good as the hypsography conceptual theoretical account. Chapter 3 introduces the instance survey used for this survey, Poole Harbour, with a background literature reappraisal. Chapter 4 outlines the informations and methods used to look into historic saltmarsh tendencies and hydrodynamic procedures within Poole Harbour. This has been undertaken in three chief phases each based on the three aims: 1 ) historic analysis of alteration, 2 ) look intoing the morphology of the Harbour through hypsography and cross shore profiles and 3 ) look intoing tidal dissymmetry through generalised geometric and hydrodynamic relationships and modeling. The consequences from each of these Sections will be presented in Chapters 5, 6 and 7 severally with initial decisions presented at the terminal of each Chapter. A treatment, uniting all methods and consequences and with recommendations for farther work, will be presented in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 will sketch the overall decisionsLiterature reappraisalThe undermentioned Chapter reviews the relevant literature in order to inform the purposes and aims discussed in Chapter 1. First estuaries are discussed, including the three chief facets of this thesis, saltmarsh signifier, morphology and hydrokineticss. Second estuarial modeling is explored and the theoretical accounts used in this survey are introduced including both empirical and procedure based theoretical accounts.EstuariesThe term estuary, derived from the Latin ‘aestus ‘ significance tide, refers to a lingua of the sea making inland. A widely used definition describes an estuary as ‘a semi-enclosed coastal organic structure of H2O holding a free connexion with the unfastened sea and within which sea H2O is measurably diluted with fresh H2O derived from land drainage ‘ , . Their signifier and extent are invariably altered by the eroding and deposition of deposit and therefore hold a broad assortment of signifiers. Most estuaries are geologically really immature and have developed when the last post-glacial rise in sea degree inundated coastlines and drowned river vales 10,000 old ages ago. Two chief procedures are thought to drive the development of an estuary. First the long term averaged sediment supply, being either from inland ( preponderantly from fluvial beginnings ) or the unfastened seashore, along with the way and magnitude of the long-run averaged deposit conveyance, . Second disconnected and cyclical alterations in the estuarine morphology causes hydrodynamic procedures to change over clip, and at several graduated tables, from storm events and technology plants, single tidal rhythms to the spring-neap rhythm, seasonally or the 18.6 twelvemonth nodal rhythm, . Estuaries are besides place to complex home grounds that develop under these conditions, germinating to get by with the extremes of invariably altering salt and tidal degrees. The tide is the cardinal characteristic around which saltmarsh maps through platform accumulation, : it sets the altitudinal scope of a fen and is important to the development and care of the creek webs.SaltmarshesSaltmarshes are defined as intertidal countries of all right deposits stabilised by characteristically halophytic flora, and are widely developed in low-energy environments where moving ridge action is limited. The upper bound of saltmarsh colonization appears to be determined by interspecies competition with tellurian workss at higher lifts, as they are less good adapted to those conditions ( Hughes and Paramour, 2004 ) . However, this upper bound can frequently be approximately defined as the degree of highest astronomical tide. The comparative placement of mudflats and saltmarsh within the tidal fr ame is illustrated in Mistake: Reference beginning non found. Saltmarshes can be found across coastal Europe, including the Mediterranean, with a considerable scope in footings of species composing and works community construction. More Northern fens tend to hold fewer species and a simple construction greatly influenced by the limited growth season. Southern fens tend to hold a much wider scope of species and are characterised by all twelvemonth growing. The EC Habitats and Species Directives require member provinces to denominate countries of importance, including saltmarshes, for peculiar home grounds and species as Particular Areas of Conservation. Together with Particular Protection Areas designated under the Conservation of Birds Directive, these countries form a Europe broad web known as ‘Natura 2000 ‘ . These set out steps to keep at, or reconstruct to a ‘favourable preservation position ‘ these designated sites and requires appropriate stairss to avoid devastation or impairment of home grounds. Saltmarshes provide of import ecosystem services being of import home grounds within the coastal zone, both as protected countries for wildfowl species, baby's rooms for piscaries stocks and supplying an of import constituent of coastal protection via moving ridge dissipation. Saltmarsh distribution across Great Britain has been described in several surveies. They are found all around the coastline of Great Britain, and vary well in character, Boorman ( 2003 ) , describes basically two types of saltmarsh, lowland and highland. Lowland fens being associated with major estuaries in low lying countries such as the Wash, Essex, north Kent, the Solent, the Severn estuary Liverpool Bay and the Solway Firth. Upland countries are described as being scattered in distribution with little stray fens associated with minor estuaries or at the caputs of sea lochs. Patterns of saltmarsh development are locally or regionally based, nevertheless it is clear that in countries where comparative low-lying rise and restraints on saltmarsh migration are present, there will be a inclination towards low-level and frequently devolving marsh signifiers. Saltmarsh eroding and accumulation have been observed at several clip graduated tables, tidal, seasonal and decadal. However as a general tendency saltmarshes have historically been worsening in the South of the UK and as low-lying rise is expected to speed up, these losingss are expected to increase and entire loss of saltmarsh in many coastal countries is non impossible by the terminal of this century if current defense mechanisms are maintained and upgraded. Hence understanding the procedures which affect saltmarsh and intertidal countries and the ecosystem services that they provide is critical.Spartina anglica colonization in the UKMany of the UK ‘s saltmarshes are comparatively immature, and were formed as a consequence of the debut of cord grass Spartina alterniflora by ship from America in the early nineteenth century, hybridization with the native Spartina maritima and the rapid growing of the aggressive intercrossed Spartina anglica. Rapid enlargement of Spartina anglica led to it going a dominant saltmarsh species, but this was followed by extended die-back, the causes of which are still non c lear.Saltmarsh diminutionSaltmarshes have historically declined in the UK ( Jones et al. , 2011 ) , surveies in south-east England have calculated rates of loss of about 40 hour angles year-1 for the past 50 old ages ( Royal Haskoning, 2004a, Pye and French, 1993 ) . Studies in the Solent part exemplify how some saltmarshes have halved in country since 1970 ( Baily and Pearson, 2007, Royal Haskoning, 2004a, Cope et al. , 2008 ) . Crooks and Pye ( 2000 ) , identified six chief mechanisms for eroding within saltmarshes: 1 ) retreat of near-vertical clifflets at the fen border, 2 ) denudation of a root edge sod instantly landward of the clifflet top, 3 ) retreat of a ramped fen forepart, which may be incised by erosional furrows, 4 ) scratch of the natural fen brook with associated bank prostration and headward eroding, 5 ) flora die-back and eroding of the surface clay over big countries of the inside of the fen, and 6 ) scratch coalescency of drainage ditches or agricultural ridge and furrow systems. Several theories have been suggested as drivers for these eroding mechanisms, which are by and large split into two classs ; ( a ) biological, and ( B ) physical. Biological impacts suggested are the increased usage of agricultural weedkillers, which contribute to the diminution of microphytobenthos and hence deposit stableness. Bioturbation and herbivory by species such as Nereis diversicolor and, peculiarly in countries where this species may be in great copiousness due to sewage pollution may be another option. Surveies have shown that non merely does Nereis diversicolor disrupt innovator species, but they can besides lend to creek eroding. Physical procedures suggested to lend to saltmarsh decline include increased wave action, a decrease in sediment supply and coastal squeezing. In shallow parts, such as estuaries, wind-waves can hold an consequence on turbidness ( Anderson, 1972, Ward et al. , 1984 ) . However this tends to change over the tidal rhythm as the fetch alterations due to the outgrowth and submerging of sand bars or mudflats ( Green et al. , 1997 ) and so the sum of moving ridge energy moving in an estuary can be strongly related to the signifier and morphology of the estuary. Increased wave action, peculiarly at the seaward border, has been suggested to lend to saltmarsh diminution ( Burd, 1992 ) . Studies in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand ( Swales et al. , 2004 ) have besides linked wave energy gradients with spacial differences in long-run Spartina growing. However, sidelong eroding has been observed in both exposed and sheltered locations and in countries where there is sediment sufficient for the mudflats to accrete in gait and so this can non merely be due to low-lying rise taking to greater beckon fading at the fen forepart at these locatio ns. However it may be a conducive factor in countries that are exposed and have seen a bead in mudflat profile, physically or comparative to sea degrees. Since the 1930s intertidal seagrass beds have besides declined in copiousness and distribution. This may besides lend to an increased moving ridge fading at the fen forepart. Figure 2.2 illustrates the morphological difference between an accreting or gnawing shoreline. The given that historic saltmarsh loss is chiefly due to coastal squeezing, where breakwaters prevent the landward migration of saltmarsh in response to low-lying rise may be over simplified. The form of flora loss, largely of innovator species, is opposite of what it should be, where upper workss are squeezed out first. Besides diminution has occurred in countries where there is ample deposit available for the fens to accrete and yet they do non, . However, coastal squeezing may go an progressively major factor in saltmarsh loss over the following century. In England, inundation defense mechanisms have removed most chances for natural landward migration, . Further, while most old research has tended to concentrate on individual drivers, multiple drivers may be in operation. Hence, it is of import that trends in coastal ecosystems, including saltmarshes, are strictly investigated and analysed utilizing historic informations beginnings. Historic saltmarsh alterations have been studied at a spacial graduated table in the Westerschelde ( Netherlands ) . In this survey a comparatively short clip period, 30 old ages, was used. However, survey demonstrated the necessity to see the local feedback mechanisms between works growing, morphology and hydrokineticss of both the saltmarsh and the mudflat, when measuring the position of saltmarshes. It besides illustrated the importance of measuring alterations in saltmarsh at a spacial graduated table instead than looking at entire alterations in country.MorphologyEstuarine morphology is a consequence of interactions between deposits and non-linear tidal extension, . Non-linear tidal effects can take to a tidal deformation or dissymmetry where inundation and ebb continuance are unequal, ensuing in speed differences during each phase of the tide. Dyer notes that flood/ebb laterality plays a polar function in estuarial deposit conveyance and morphodynamics. Kirby, classes boggy seashores as either accretionary, stable or gnawing, depending on the hydrodynamic forcing and sediment supply. Accretion dominated seashores occur when sediment supply exceeds the rate of low-lying rise. In these parts the cross Sectional profile is likely to be high and convex in form, Figure 2.2. Kirby ( 2002 ) describes eroding dominated seashores as ‘where the rate of deposit supply is less than that of comparative low-lying rise, or where the amount of the destabilising forces exceeds that of the recollective forces ‘ . These profiles frequently exhibit a drop between the muddy foreshore and any saltmarsh backup this part, the saltmarsh is besides typically disconnected, frequently due to the widening and deepening of the saltmarsh brook. Erosion dominated parts frequently besides have a low and concave cross Sectional form Figure 2.2. Beginnings of all right deposits in estuaries can be from many beginnings, including from the catchment, cliff eroding or from a seaward beginning, but will change between different systems. Both cohesive ( clay, silt, clay ) and non-cohesive ( sand, crushed rock ) deposits are found within estuaries, nevertheless, they behave in significantly different ways with respects to sediment conveyance. The motion of deposit on the ocean floor begins when the shear emphasis ( ?0 ) becomes sufficiently great to get the better of the frictional and gravitative forces keeping the grains on the bed, this value is the critical shear emphasis ( ?c ) . Therefore for any given deposit there will be a critical shear speed ( u*c ) which determines sediment motion, The relationship between grain size and critical shear emphasis is non a additive one, peculiarly for cohesive deposits such as silts and clays that are found on mudflats and in saltmarshes. Although single atoms of cohesive deposits are by definition little, consisting clays ( 0.0005mm-0.002mm ) , silts ( 0.002mm-0.0625mm ) , and sometimes a subordinate sum of sand ( & A ; gt ; 0.0625 millimeter ) , there are strong binding forces that hold the grains together one time they have been deposited. They are lifted as flocculates or bunchs and if they have become partly amalgamate, such as on open clay flats, so they require high shear speeds in order to originate conveyance. So although the atoms merely take a little speed in order to transport them in H2O, one time deposited are non easy eroded despite the all right grain size, this procedure is called scour slowdown, . The coherence of these really all right grained deposits is besides influenced by H2O content, mineral composing and salt of overlying H2O and H2O trapped between the grains, . Mud and silts are by and large transported as a suspended burden. However, when the critical depositional shear emphasis is reached the grains will get down to settle towards the bed. The grains will go on to be transported for a clip, this processes is called settling slowdown, and can be peculiarly of import in sediment deposition within estuaries. Slowdowns of up to 1.3 hours between maximal currents and extremum suspended deposit concentrations have been recorded, .It was besides observed that current speeds less than 0.2 m/s indicated periods of slack H2O where deposi t commixture was suppressed. Widdows et Al. deployed unmoved gulchs in the Humber Estuary to mensurate critical eroding speeds, where an mean critical speed of 0.31 m/s was recorded on the upper shore instantly below the saltmarsh, and an norm of 0.235 m/s on the mid shore, severally. Other deployments found that a pronounced decrease in the critical eroding speed from 0.26 m/s to 0.15 m/s between ridge and pool countries, where the pool countries are invariably submerged and the ridge countries are exposed to air for around 7 hours per tidal rhythm.Estuarine HypsometryStrahler describes the usage of hypsography to analyze the morphology of drainage basins, where the per centum hypsometric curve relates horizontal cross-sectional country of a drainage basin to relative lift above basin oral cavity. Through the usage of dimensionless parametric quantities, curves can be described and compared irrespective of original graduated table, with curves demoing typical differences in sinuous ness of signifier and proportionate country below the curve, . Different signifiers could be linked to phases of estuary development with a immature estuary exhibiting small deposit infill and a mature estuary typified by big volumes of deposit infill. Several more recent surveies have investigated the application of empirical expression to hypsometrical relationships in estuaries including. Other surveies including besides discuss the function of saltmarsh and intertidal storage countries, with relation to hypsometry. Boon and Byrne ( 1981 ) derived a technique to cipher the hypsometric curve for estuaries, following equations 2.1-2.3: a/A = G/ ( r+G ( 1-r ) Equation 2.1 where ; G= ( 1-h/H ) ? Equation 2.2 r=Amin/A Equation 2.3 Where h=height above lower limit basin lift, H=height between upper limit and minimal basin lift, A=total/maximum basin country, Amin=minimum basin country, a=basin country lying below contour at tallness H, and ?=factor commanding the country below the hypsometric curve ( i.e. the volume of deposit in the basin ) , Figure 2.3. The parametric quantity ? is calculated utilizing curve adjustment, this can be used to depict the morphological province of the estuary. An estuary where ?=3.5-5.0, will be small in-filled and flood dominant, while an estuary where ?= 1.8-2.5 will be good in-filled and will be ebb dominant. Hence, this method may give some penetration into the future deposit tendencies within an estuary. Hypsometry can be merely observed by plotting x= a/A and y=h/H, where a= cross Sectional country at tallness H, A is the entire country of the basin and H the entire tallness of the basin. This consequences in a hypsometric curve leting the comparing of the signifiers of basins of different sizes and lifts.Moore et Al. , applied this method to the Dee estuary, normally categorised as inundation dominant. However, it was found that ?= 2.2 and so it could be exchanging making morphological equilibrium and perchance exchanging to an wane dominant stage. This could ensue in a lessening in accumulation a d possible erode in the hereafter.Tidal AsymmetryThe importance of asymmetric tidal rhythms in the conveyance and accretion of deposit in shallow estuaries is good established, . Flood dominant estuaries, have shorter continuance, higher speed inundation tides, and tend to infill channels with deposit. Whereas ebb dominant systems, have shorter, higher speed ebb tides, and tend to blush bed-load deposit seaward, . Flood laterality occurs when the combined effects of bottom clash and tidal fluctuation of the deep H2O is big, doing the moving ridge crest to travel more rapidly than the trough bring forthing a short continuance flood stage of the tide and more rapid inundation currents, . Ebb laterality occurs within estuaries basically by interactions between the deep channels and the shallow H2O countries, and the changing distribution of clash during the tide Aldridge illustrated that tidal dissymmetry throughout an estuary could be linked to sediment conveyance tracts and morphodynamics. It was besides demonstrated that although estuaries are frequently generalised as either inundation or wane dominant, fluctuations within the estuary may besides happen. Large countries of tidal flats and fens significantly alter the kineticss of an estuary, through frictional forces, sediment sinks and H2O storage. The influence of tidal dissymmetry on the residuary fluxes of coarse and all right deposit is different owing to different conveyance belongingss. The suspension burden of harsh deposit is strongly limited by current velocity and adapts to alterations in current velocity quickly. For all right deposit, impregnation of the suspended burden seldom occurs with most sediment deposition happening at merely really low current velocities with a subsiding clip hold which can be of import to sediment conveyance, . Dronkers distinguishes two types of channel geometry in irregularly molded estuaries ( 2.4 ) . Type 1 estuaries with shallow channels that lessening with depth landward and tidal flats below average sea degree. Type 2 estuaries with deep channels throughout and tidal flats above average sea degree. Where, in Type 1 estuaries the loose H2O period before wane will transcend the loose H2O period before inundation, therefore a residuary import of all right deposits is favoured. The opposite is true in instance 2. A natural feedback between these 2 signifiers of sediment accumulation and so eroding leads to a fluctuation of signifier around an equilibrium. The construct of estuarial equilibrium suggests that under a given set of hydrodynamic conditions an estuary will germinate to a stable equilibrium morphology.However, it is improbable that a to the full stable estuary can be as external forces moving on the estuary are non unvarying over clip, such as human intervention, tides and moving ridges. Dronkers develops the dissymmetry ratio, shown in Equation 2.4. Equation 2.4 Where: H = the mean deepness of the channel or the average hydraulic deepness given by, h=a+Vlw/Slw, a = the tidal amplitude, Slw = the surface country at low H2O, Shw = the surface country at high H2O and Vhw and Vlw, the volumes at high and low H2O. A value of ? equal to 1 suggests a unvarying tide, with values & A ; gt ; 1 bespeaking inundation laterality and & A ; lt ; 1 bespeaking ebb laterality. This equation was applied by Townend to 155 estuaries across the UK, a big sum of spread was noted in the consequences, potentially as a effect of informations quality, nevertheless at a casual degree a big figure of UK estuaries were observed to be ebb dominant. An alternate attack to look into tidal dissymmetry is given by Freidrichs and Aubrey. It was found, in shallow estuaries of the US Atlantic seashore, that the magnitude of the ratio tidal amplitude and hydraulic deepness can bespeak overall tidal dissymmetry. For little a/h values ( & A ; lt ; 0.2 ) estuaries tend to be ebb-dominant, irrespective of the extent of the tidal flats or fens. Equally for big a/h values ( & A ; gt ; 0.3 ) estuaries tend to be flood dominant. However, a/h is frequently most applicable to deluge dominant systems and the parametric quantity derived from the ratio between the intertidal storage in flats and fens and volume of channels at average sea degree is largely responsible for asymmetric tides in ebb dominant estuaries. Where a/h does non mean either inundation or wane laterality If 0.2 & A ; gt ; a/h & A ; lt ; 0.3 so Vs/Vc can be used as a comparative index between different estuaries. Townend noted that this method may non be applicable to some of the extended UK estuaries with big tidal scopes. However, it may be more applicable to an estuary such as Poole, which is microtidal. Other tidal dissymmetry relationships, including dissymmetry that arises as a consequence of the deformation of the tidal moving ridge through frictional affects, are discussed by Freidrichs and Aubrey, Wang et Al, . This can be related to alterations in the comparative stage and amplitude of the M4 and M2 tidal components. A direct measuring of non-linear deformation and hence the magnitude of the dissymmetry are calculated as the M4 and M2 amplitude ratio ( M4Amp/M2Amp ) . A ratio of 0 indicates a wholly undistorted tide and a ratio & A ; gt ; 0.01 indicates important deformation of the tidal moving ridge. Second, the way of the dissymmetry ( inundation or wane ) can be defined by ciphering the stage of M4 relative to M2 ( 2M2phase-M4phase ) . Where a comparative stage between 0 & A ; deg ; and 180 & A ; deg ; indicates that the continuance of the ebb tide is longer than the continuance of the inundation tide, as the same volume of H2O flows in and out of the estuary during both the wane and the inundation tidal phase the flow rate will be greatest and hence the tide will be flood dominant. Other values of comparative stage indicate that the continuance of the ebb tide is shorter than the continuance of the inundation tide and hence the tide can be considered ebb dominant, . Pethick describes tidal dissymmetry in footings of tidal moving ridge patterned advance within an estuary. When estuaries are broad and deep and the average deepness is significantly greater at high tide than at low tide, the tidal moving ridge patterned advance is more rapid at high H2O than low. Hence an asymmetric moving ridge, giving a inundation dominant speed, ensuing in the estuary behaving as a deposit sink with net deposit input. Pethick ( 2004 ) suggests that as deposit continues the lift of the intertidal would increase and hence the average deepness of channel would diminish. Leading to a decrease in deposit rates and possibly even a reversal to short term eroding. The estuarial signifier would in this manner fluctuate around an equilibrium signifier. Therefore the ratio between average deepness at high H2O ( MDhw ) and average deepness at low H2O ( MDlw ) can bespeak tidal dissymmetry ( MDhw & A ; gt ; MDlw inundation dominant, MDhw & A ; lt ; MDlw ebb dominant ) . These dissymmetry computations and ratios are discussed further in Chapter 4, when applied in order to measure broad-scale dissymmetry of Poole Harbour.Estuarine ModelingIn order to foretell future estuary morphology, many techniques have been developed, runing from procedure based theoretical accounts ( bottom-up theoretical accounts ) to regime or systems attack theoretical accounts ( top-down theoretical accounts ) . A signifier of theoretical account that combines both of these techniques is called a intercrossed theoretical account.Procedure Based ModelsProcedure based ( bottom-up ) theoretical accounts aim to retroflex physical procedures by work outing a set of equations that describe H2O and sediment motion. The footing of procedure theoretical accounts is normally a hydrodynamic faculty that represents parametric quantities such as H2O degrees, discharges, currents, moving ridges, denseness currents and secondary circulation, this can so be coupled to a sediment conveyance a nd morphological theoretical account to foretell alterations to sedimentary procedures. Procedure based theoretical accounts are normally more suitable to short-run ( yearss to months ) anticipations of morphological alteration as over longer clip scales any anticipation mistakes will roll up and go amplified. Therefore the operation of a procedure based theoretical account requires a thorough apprehension of the estuaries behaviour, in both morphological and hydrodynamic footings. This enables the theoretical account to be calibrated and validated and thereby reduces the accretion of mistakes when doing long-run anticipations. Examples of procedure based theoretical accounts include Delft 3D, MIKE and TELEMAC. The TELEMAC procedure patterning system was developed ab initio at the Laborotoire National d'Hydraulique, a section of the research subdivision of Electricite de France ( Hervouet, 2000 ) . TELEMAC-2D provides the hydrokineticss: horizontal depth-averaged speeds and H2O deepness. Many physical phenomena are taken into history, such as clash, turbulency, air current speed, fluctuations of atmospheric force per unit area and astronomic tide-generating procedures. TELEMAC has been used for many different surveies, including modeling of cohesive deposit conveyance ( Le Normant et al. , 1998, Le Normant, 2000 ) patterning the hydrokineticss of river flow ( Corti and Pennati, 2000 ) patterning the flows within a dam interruption ( Le Normant et al. , 1998 ) and patterning tidal flows ( Kuang and Stansby, 2006 ) . A theoretical account of Poole Harbour utilizing TELEMAC has been developed by HR Wallingford and will be discussed further in Section 2.2.3.Regime ModelsGovernment or equilibrium theoretical accounts assume that the estuarine system is nearing a mark province of equilibrium therefore based on the dimensions and hydrokineticss within the estuary it is possible to foretell this hereafter equilibrium signifier of the estuary. A figure of intercrossed theoretical accounts that combine government ( or equilibrium ) theory with hydrokineticss have been developed so that the long-run prognostic capableness of government theoretical accounts are combined with a more elaborate description of the prevailing hydrokineticss. When utilizing a intercrossed government theoretical account it is common to specify the equilibrium or mark province of the estuary and so utilize a hydrodynamic theoretical account in a iterative procedure that continually adjusts conditions towards this defined morpholog ical province. An illustration of a government theoretical account that has been used to measure the critical rate of low-lying rise for estuaries, that triggers the loss of intertidal volume, is ASMITA ( Aggregated Scale Morphological Interaction between Inlets and Adjacent seashore ) , . It was foremost presented as a behaviour-based theoretical account and consists of a schematised tidal recess system with three chief morphological elements, ebb-tidal delta volume, channel volume and level volume. ( Kragtwijk et al, 2004 ) . These elements are described by one variable stand foring their morphological province A major premise is that under changeless hydrodynamic forcing each component tends towards a morphological equilibrium which can be defined as a map of hydrodynamic forcing and basin belongingss ( van Goor et al. , 2003 ) .Poole Harbour ModelsAs this survey aims to associate the distribution of saltmarsh to hydrokineticss, a procedure based theoretical account capable to retroflexing tidal speeds and H2O degrees at an appropriate declaration is required. Several theoretical accounts have been developed for Poole Harbour, including a TELEMAC 2D theoretical account by HR Wallingford and a hydrodynamic H2O quality theoretical account, developed to foretell H2O lifts, deepness averaged speed and pollutant concentrations both are procedure based theoretical accounts. The HR Wallingford TELEMAC theoretical account was used in this survey as it was considered to be the most up to day of the month and theoretical account end products were more easy integrated with the consequences of the saltmarsh alteration analysis.Poole Harbour TELEMAC Hydrodynamic theoretical accountWith permission from HR Wallingford and Poole Harbour Commissioners, the TELEMAC theoretical account for Poole Harbour was used for this survey. The TELEMAC theoretical account satisfies the demands of this research and can supply mean tidal flow vectors under present conditions bespeaking countries within the seaport that are flood and ebb dominant and possible correlativiti es with saltmarsh and mudflat eroding from the historic analysis. The underlying Sn mesh varies with truth throughout the Harbour, as the theoretical account was developed to look into possible effects of dredging in the chief channels, reported in, therefore it is these countries that have the highest declaration. However the theoretical account declaration will be sufficient to give penetration into hydrodynamic procedures in other countries of the Harbour besides, peculiarly the southern intertidal shore and Wareham Channel. The theoretical account was calibrated by HR Wallingford utilizing flow informations collected from current metres at 7 locations within Poole Harbour and 6 tidal diamonds, during the 11th and 12th March, 1990, tidal information was besides collected at this clip. However, these proof points were all positioned in the north-east of the Harbour adjacent to the chief channel, which was originally the focal point of the theoretical account.DrumheadSaltmarshes are present in many sheltered tidal environments throughout the universe and are designated under European jurisprudence in Europe, including the UK. Previous surveies of historical saltmarsh distribution have shown varied forms of eroding and accumulation. Despite the big sum of research depicting the relationship between estuarine morphology and hydrokineticss, small work exists associating these factors to saltmarsh distribution in a spacial context. The dominant hydrodynamic procedure in estuaries is normally tidal and this is normally expressed as a step of tidal dissymmetry with ebb dominant systems ensuing in eroding and inundation dominant systems taking to accumulation. As the morphology and hydrokineticss are linked, dissymmetry can be calculated from either morphological steps ( normally associating the comparative tallness and extent of intertidal countries and channels ) or direct measurings of tidal parametric quantities ( such as speed or components ) . A procedure based numerical theoretical account can be used to map the spacial distribution of hydrokineticss and therefore will be used to associate hydrodynamic procedures to saltmarsh alteration in Poole Harbour. As discussed in Chapter 1, a instance survey site was required in order to look into the links between saltmarsh alteration, hydrokineticss and estuarial morphology. Poole Harbour was chosen ( Appendix A ) and the undermentioned Chapter reviews the literature on its history and development and the surveies that have been antecedently conducted within Poole Harbour. Poole Harbour is a big tidal estuary situated on the south seashore of Britain ( Figure 3.1 ) with an intertidal country of 2050ha, . Although Poole Harbour has been studied at the local graduated table, it has ne'er been studied from a comprehensive systems attack. It was formed as a consequence of Holocene low-lying rise that inundated a system of river and vale watercourses. The geomorphology of the Harbour consequences from the combined effects of Marine and sub-aerial procedures on both intertidal zone and shoreline, the channel hydrokineticss, anthropogenetic alterations of the shoreline and channels, catchment hydrology impacting both the fresh water and deposit inputs and the spread and diminution of the saltmarshes, . The Harbour has a complex dendritic signifier with many feeders and some distinct bays. Holes Bay, on the northern side of the Harbour, is an about enclosed boggy northern arm, much affected over the old ages by land renewal and the spread and subsequent diminution of Spartina anglica. Since 1924 the intertidal country has been reduced from c.330 to less than 250 hour angle, chiefly due to reclamation along the E shore for port and urban development, . Holes Bay is lined by unreal sea walls, bowlder embankments and quays, as in much of the northern shore of the Harbour. In its natural province this would hold been a gradual passage from mudflat and saltmarsh through reedbeds and croping fen. East of Holes Bay, Lytchett Bay is well less modified by renewal and has by and large less boggy and nutrient-enriched deposits. The West shore which receives the outfall of the Sherbourne River in its Centre is lined by a series of low earthen embankments with extended reedbeds and forest. Chief rivers, the Frome and the Piddle, enter the Harbour from west to east and run out the chalklands of Dorset, with a catchment country transcending 70,000 hour angles along with two other minor rivers, the Sherford and the Corfe. Large countries of flood plain have been historically reclaimed within these environing river vales. In its Centre are five chief islands, Brownsea, Furzy, Green, Round and Long. Deep H2O channels within the Harbour are maintain ed by natural scour supplemented by dredging and are restricted, with some 80 % of the Harbour country comprising of inter-tidal, all right grained clay, sandflats and fens. The southern shore of the Harbour is made up of more pristine home grounds, with extended mudflats and saltmarsh that of course grade to crop, unrestricted in most countries by breakwaters or substructure. Poole Harbour is regionally of import in footings of Nature preservation, peculiarly with home ground and saltmarsh losingss happening nearby in the Western Solent. There is no 1 chief current menace but the combination of transportation, habitat loss, renewal, eroding and Phragmites colonisation seaward over the saltmarshes may ensue in a loss of home ground and biodiversity. The long term menace is that there is non adequate deposit come ining the system to maintain gait with low-lying rise, which would ensue in a loss of intertidal country, and in the long term submergence of the estuary. This will be exacerbated by dredging and development peculiarly along the northern shore where defense mechanisms prevent migration of home grounds. However along the South and west there may be sufficient adjustment infinite as there are no unreal barriers to migration and the countries are mostly managed for nature preservation intents.History and developmentHuman DevelopmentPoole Harbour has b een used for trade and piscaries since the Iron Age, with extended renewal of the Frome and Piddle flood plains in the mediaeval period. By the 13th century Poole was a comfortable commercial port, it developed further from the seventeenth to 19th centuries, booming on trade with Newfoundland. During the Second World War the Harbour was used intensively and was of import in the readying for the D-Day landings in 1944. From the mid-1950s, development continued with the building of a power station on the shore at Hamworthy, renewal and waterfront development. There are presently eight yacht nines and 10 boatyards every bit good as marinas attached to residential developments. Europe ‘s largest onshore oilfield lies beneath the Harbour with Wellss on Furzy Island and Goathorn Peninsula and the port has late been enlarged to suit larger cross channel ferries and roll-on roll-off cargo.Geological DevelopmentMelville and Freshney, and Royal Haskoning suggest that the bulk of surface deposits around Poole Harbour today originate from alluvial sedimentations laid down by the rivers feeding the Harbour and that beneath and within these sedimentations there are seams of crushed rock and peat. Edwards describes the stratigraphy at Arne saltmarshes, where 3 transects of 40 boreholes were taken. The pre-Holocene surface underlying the saltmarsh exhibits a stepped profile, in boreholes deeper than -1.1 m OD, organic-rich humefied radical peat sedimentations are widespread. Whereas in boreholes where the Bagshot beds ( bedrock ) occurs above this height the peat beds are absent. Edwards, describes a similar survey at Newton Bay in Poole Harbour, Here the boreholes indicate that the incline of the pre-Holocene surface is steeper than that at Arne but is similar in general signifier, with the Bagshot Beds inclining from +0.2m OD to -0.6m OD, where a measure occurs down to -1.0m OD, once more peat is observed in the boreholes where the Bagshot beds are beneath -1.0m OD. Edwards, besides uses a foraminiferal transportation map for average tidal degrees in combination with carbon 14 dated stuff to build a record of comparative sea degree alteration in Poole Harbour. The survey concludes that since the start of the Holocene there was a composite sequence of events dwelling of four stages of deposit and comparative sea degree alteration. Between ca. 4700 year BP and ca. 2400yr BP, mean tidal degrees appear to hold risen in Poole, deluging and continuing the sequence of peat sedimentations. Between ca. 2400yr BP and at least ca. 1200yr BP the rate of low-lying rise appears to diminish with average tidal degrees staying at or below -1.0m OD. During this clip deeper H2O deposits accumulated, with the stratigraphy interrupted by flaxen beds. Edwards, suggest that these flaxen sedimentations may propose an erosional stage, with the littorals derived from local drop eroding. However, May, implies that the sand beds do non needfully connote an erosional stage and that the deposition of such stuff would depend upon conveyance forms. Phases of greater moving ridge energy or displacements in wind way may besides bring forth countries of deposition besides changes in the geomorphology of the Harbour oral cavity could besides change depositional tendencies. Edwards suggests that as tidal degrees fell the Harbour oral cavity narrowed and therefore reduced the tidal prism, this would ensue in slower currents. Conversely, during a rise in tidal degrees after ca. 1200 year BP, the oral cavity may hold widened under the influence of enhanced current speeds, potentially doing a switch from wane to deluge dominant tides, ensuing in an inflow of flaxen deposits. After ca. 1200yr BP the information indicates a brief rise in average tidal degree, and by ca. 800yr BP the major stage of sand deposition has ceased with no other indicants for farther alterations in tidal degree until ca 400yr BP. The 4th stage described in Edwards, is the renewed comparative low-lying rise, with an evident rise in comparative sea-level between ca 400yr BP and 200 year BP, ensuing in marsh submerging. This is indicated by the terminal of organic lagoonal deposit and the beginning of minerogenic silt-clay.Hydraulic FeaturesWavesIn shallow parts, such as estuaries, wind-waves can hold an consequence on turbidness. However, this tends to change over the tidal rhythm as the fetch alterations due to the outgrowth and submerging of sand bars or mudflats and so the sum of moving ridge energy moving in an estuary can be strongly related to the signifier and morphology of the estuary. Increased wave action, peculiarly at the seaward border, has been suggested to lend to saltmarsh diminution. Surveies in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand have besides linked wave energy gradients with spacial differences in long-run Spartina growing. Wind informations collected at North Haven ( Figure 3.2 ) suggests that the dominant air current way for Poole Harbour is from the South-west with a smaller extremum from the north-east. For this peculiar twelvemonth south-westerly air currents dominated most of the twelvemonth with strong north-easterly air currents happening during the November to January period. Wind speeds seldom exceed 15m/s, with a maximal annual air current velocity of 49m/s. The fetch across Poole Harbour, peculiarly from sou'-west to nor'-east, is big plenty for important locally-produced wind-waves to happen, with 1:100 twelvemonth moving ridge conditions making a Hs of 1m and so wind way and velocity are potentially important to erosional procedures. The capableness for moving ridge extension within the Harbour is illustrated by the debasement of bluffs around the Harbour borders, as has historically been noted by May. There is no comprehensive survey into moving ridges in Poole Harbour. However, informations is available for site specific surveies. The moving ridge clime is dominated by deepness limited locally generated moving ridges as storm moving ridges do non perforate beyond the immediate country of the Harbour entryway due to diffraction and refraction effects, . Halcrow Maritime have modelled utmost moving ridge highs based on hind casting from local and regional air current informations, these vary from 0.5 to 1.2m for a 1 in 100 twelvemonth return, depending on location with regard to bring. North-eastern parts of the Harbour are the most energetic and are exposed to longer fetches from dominant south south-westerly winds/waves. It is likely moving ridges would hold driven some littorals from Poole Bay into the Harbour , . However, Royal Haskoning concluded that although moving ridge breakage has a important consequence on the currents in the ledgeman country, the flow government of the Harbour and attack channel is dominated by tidal action.TidesThe tides within Poole Harbour are extremely variable in form ( Figure 3.3 ) due to the propinquity of a local lower limit in the amplitude of the micro-tidal chief semi-diurnal tidal components in Poole Bay and the M2 pervert amphidromic point of the English Channel. Hence, the tidal government is characterised by a little dual high H2O consequence, with a average tidal scope of about 1.8m at springs and 0.6m at neaps ( nevertheless these values vary with location throughout the Harbour ) . Tidal degrees are above average H2O from about 2 hours after low to about 2 hours before the following low ( i.e. for about 8 hours per tidal rhythm ) . This is of ecological significance as it limits the handiness of mudflats as feeding evidences for of import wading bird populations, while conversely increases the eating clip for many filter feeding invertebrates populating in the mudflats which contribute to the diet of waders and besides supply local piscaries. This besides consequences in a comparatively hapless zonation of the flora, with a limited country between MHWN and HAT in which saltmarsh can colonize ( Figure 3.3 ) . Due to the dual high H2O within the Harbour, with the chief extremum followed by a lesser high H2O extremum, calculated average high H2O spring and average high H2O neaps are lower than would be expected, 0.8 and -0.8 m OD severally. There is a clip slowdown in the tide within the Harbour, which is most outstanding at low tide, the North Haven and Ro-Ro tide gages are shown on Figure 3.1. In the context of the Harbour they are comparatively close to one another, a more marked clip slowdown would be expected between the Harbour oral cavity and western countries within the Wareham Channel. The average tidal scope at the Harbour entryway for 2007 was 1.5m and 1.12m at the Ro-Ro ferry terminus ( Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, pers. comms. ) . However, the maximal scope can be much larger and besides varies throughout the Seaport with up to 2.2m recorded at the Ro-Ro ferry terminus ( Poole Harbour Commissioners, pers. comms. ) , 1.2m at Arne peninsula and 1.6m at Newtown Bay, . The wane tidal watercourse at the Harbour entryway has been recorded as holding higher speeds than those of inundation, with max velocities of around 2m/s ( SCOPAC, 2004 ) . Characteristic speeds in the chief channel are 0.5m/s ( SCOPAC, 2004 ) , bespeaking ebb laterality from these Figures.Low-lying Rise and SurgesAverage low-lying tendencies for the English Channel over the twentieth Century have been calculated between 0.8 and 2.3 mm/yr, with the tendency at nearest Stationss of Southampton and Weymouth ( 3.1 ) of 1.30 Â ± 0.18 mm/yr and 1.81 Â ± 0.28 mm/yr, severally. This part is dominated by rushs generated from depressions in the western English Channel approaches. Surges recorded in Southampton H2O can make degrees of 1.5m, and within the English Channel positive rushs tend to happen more often and are of greater amplitude than negative rushs, . The maximal H2O degrees experienced tend to match with moderate instead than extreme rush degrees. However, this tendency is non as evident at Poole due to the smaller tidal scope ( Haigh, et al. , 2004 ) . With a low tidal scope the rush can besides potentially play proportionately greater function in act uponing utmost H2O degrees, . Due to its microtidal government this besides suggests that the estuary, within a UK context, will be limited in its ability to set with low-lying rise and is vulnerable to future alterations ( californium ( Nicholls et al.,1999 ) ) . The long term menace is that there is non adequate deposit come ining the system to maintain gait with low-lying rise, which would ensue in a loss of intertidal country, and in the long term submerging of the estuary. This will be exacerbated by development peculiarly along the northern shore where defense mechanisms prevent migration of home grounds. However, along the southern shore there may be accommodation infinite for this migration.Sediment BudgetThe geomorphology and deposit of Poole Harbour is ill described within the literature. However, localized surveies have been conducted, with focal point on the accretion and release of deposits associated with the spread and dieback of Spartina anglica and the deposit and dredging of the chief navigable channels. May set about a study of Poole Harbour to measure the manner in which shoreline alterations have taken topographic point, concentrating peculiarly on Holes Bay. In this survey it was attempted to animate the shoreline at the terminal of the last marine evildoing ( 6,000 old ages BP ) , Figure 3.4. this was besides illustrated in Halcrow ( 1998 ) . Since that day of the month, it was concluded that alteration has chiefly taken the signifier of ; Deposition of deposit Cliff eroding Build-up of fen as a consequence of flora growing on mudflats ( e.g. Spartina ) Human intervention, including the building of breakwaters and embankments, dumping of town waste and renewal of fen The possible beginnings of deposit to the Harbour were assessed as from offshore, cliff eroding, saltmarsh eroding, beach eroding, channel eroding, and river flows, . Of these the offshore beginning has been identified as the most important beginning of flaxen stuff, although this has non been quantified. Neither cliff eroding, beach eroding, channel eroding nor river flows have been considered to supply important sums of deposit to the system and therefore the system is considered a closed or near-closed system with respects to all right deposits. From bathymetric surveies calculated the net loss of all right deposit from Poole Harbour being between 56,000 and 76,000 m3/year, the deposit was non specified as being sand or silt/clay. This was derived utilizing the best available informations in each country and chart analysis for the old ages 1984 and 2003. This survey concluded that loosely talking the intertidal mudflat country is remaining about changeless, with the beginning of t he deposit is preponderantly from the saltmarshes.Poole BaySurveies of sand mobility at the Harbour entryway indicate an un-quantified potency for inward conveyance during combinations of storm moving ridge and inundation tide conditions. The presence of sand and crushed rock inundation tidal deltas instantly inside the entryway together with flaxen deposits covering the Harbour bed in the locality of the entryway verify the happening of this procedure, . By and large the Harbour bed comprises flaxen stuff around the swash channel at the entryway and in the eastern portion of the in-between ship channel, farther in towards the port the bed deposits contain an increasing proportion of all right deposit, . Royal Haskoning reported observations under stormy conditions demoing extremum suspended concentrations of up to 600mg/l, these concentrations were considered the consequence of eroding due to locally generated wind-waves. Datas collected by the EA indicated that suspended sediment concentrations were of the order of 10mg/l or less, with background degrees in brook with intertidal countries being in the order of 50mg/l, .Fluvial BeginningsTwo major rivers flow into Poole Harbour, the Frome and Piddle, along with two smaller 1s ( Sherford and Corfe ) , there are besides a figure of l